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Kōrero: Kapa Haka

Whārangi 2: Ngā kapa haka o te rautau-19

Ngā urupare a ngā mihinare

Mai anō i te taenga mai o ngā mihinare i te rautau-19 ka ngana rātou ki te whakakore i te haka me ngā tū āhua o te ahurea Māori i tukituki ki tō rātou ake whakapono. Kātahi ka aukati te minita a Henry Williams (o te Rōpū Mihinare) i ngā haka katoa, ngā waiata tawhito, ngā mōteatea hoki, whakakapia ana e te hīmene.  Nā Williams rātou ko ngā mihinare i whakatenatena kia waiatahia ngā waiata ki ngā rangi Pākehā, hei āpiti ki ngā mahi huringa.

Nō te pokapū o te rautau-19, e taunga ana te Māori ki ngā rangi waiata hīmene. Kua kapo anō i ngā waiata a te Pākehā hei kīnaki atu i ā rātou waiata. I te tau 1871, ko ngā tautiaki a Kīngi Tāwhiao tērā e waiata ana i te waiata Māori ki te rangi Pākehā i Horahora.

Te whakangahau tūruhi

I ngā tau 1800 ka puea ake ngā rōpū haka konohete tuatahi. I pārekareka ki ngā tūruhi nō Ūropi  te whakarongo atu ki ngā kapa Māori e waiata ana i ngā waiata rangi Pākehā, nā te weriweri o ngā waiata tawhito ki a rātou. Whakamahia ana ngā kapa haka i ngā rangi Pākehā rongonui o taua wā me te whakawhiti anō i ngā whiti Māori ki te Pākehā.

Whiti atu ki tāwāhi

Heoi ka rangona tonutia te haka me ngā mōteatea i roto i te horopaki o ēnei tūmomo rōpū. Mawhiti atu ai ēnei kapa ki tāwāhi, ā, ka whakamahi i te āhuatanga Māori me te āhuatanga Pākehā hei ngahautanga atu. I haka tonu te rōpū a Tākuta McGauran e kīia ana ko ‘Troupe of Warrior Chiefs, Wives and Children’. I tū tērā Whakaari ki Poihākena me Poipiripi i te tau 1862, ā, nō te tau i muri mai  ka tau atu ki Peretānia.

Te pōwhiri i te whare ariki

Nō mai mai, he ōkawa te pōhiritia i knag kōtuku awe nui, otirā ngā kāhui ariki o Peretānia. Otirā nō te tau 1869 ka tau tuatahi mai te whare o Peretānia, arā, te mokopuna a Kuīni Wikitōria, a Pirini Albert. I taua wā e mura tonu ana ngā pakanga whenua o Aotearoa. Nō te paenga ki te tumu i Te Whanganui-a-Tara, ka hakaina atu e ngā Māori. I kī te niupepa o Wellington Independent, ‘Ka pakaru mai te ihi me te wana i ngā Māori, ka pūkana, ka whētero, ka haka, ka piua haeretia ngā rākau ānō nei he kurī kai tāwhao. Ko ēnei tīoro he tangi whakahoahoa. He whakatau i te Tiuka tā rātou mahi.’1

Ngā kapa haka i roto i ngā whakanōhanga Māori

Ka ora tonu te kapa haka i roto i ngā whakanōhanga matua Māori pērā i te Hāhi Ringatū, te Kīngitanga me te kāinga o Te Whiti-o-Rongomai rāua ko Tohu Kākahi a Parihaka.

Ngā tira haere rongonui

Taka mai ki te rautau 20 kua taunga kē ngā kapa haka hei kanohi mō Aotearoa. Ko te kaiārahi i ngā tūruhi ko Mākereti Papakura o Te Arawa tētahi i taki i tōna kapa ki Ahitereiria me Ingarangi i ngā tau o 1910-11. Ko te ariki o Tainui ko Te Puea Hērangi tērā i kumeroa i  Te Pou o Mangatāwhiri ki te kohi moni mō te whakatūnga o te marae o Tūrangawaewae hei manapou mō Te Kīngitanga. 

Ki mua Whai muri: Whārangi 3. 20th-century innovations Whai muri
Footnotes
  1. Wellington Independent, 13 Paengawhāwhā 1869, p. 3, http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&cl=search&d=WI18690413.2.11.1 (i tirohia i te 10 Huitanguru 2014). Back

Me pēnei te tohu i te whārang

Valance Smith, Kapa Haka – Ngā kapa haka o te rautau-19, Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand, https://teara.govt.nz/mi/kapa-haka/page-2 (accessed 4 June 2026).

He kōrero nā Valance Smith, i tāngia i te 26 May 2017, updated 23 October 2024.