He aha te kapa haka?
Ko te kupu ‘kapa’ e kōrero ana mō te takitū ā-rārangi, mō te nui rānei o te kaihaka. Ko te ‘haka’, he momo kanikani. Ka mutu ko te kupu ‘kapa haka’ ko tētahi rōpū, ko ngā rōpū rānei kua whakarārangihia ki te haka i ngā kani Māori tawhito, i ngā waiata, mōteatea hoki. Ko te kapa haka he toi ora.
Ngā tūmomo haka
Ahakoa ngā pōhēhē, ehara kau noa te haka mō te kawe ā-riri. He maha ngā tūmomo haka e tika ana mō ngā kaupapa rerekē. E kī ana te mātanga reo Māori, a Tīmoti Kāretu, o Ngāi Tūhoe, o Ngāti Kahungunu he tūāpapa te haka mō te kaitito, ki te ‘puha i te riri, ki te whakanui i te tangata, ki te pōhiri i te manuhiri, ki te whakatuwhera whare, ki te whakamihi i ngā mate, ki te whakahōnore i ōna tīpuna, ki te kōrero tuku iho.’1 Ko te pānga o ēnei mea katoa, ko te mauri ka mahora noa i te katoa o tēnei mahi toi. He mea toro atu te haka, i te wairua me ngā whakaaro o te kaihaka.
Te poi
He motuhenga te poi ki te Māori o Aotearoa. He mea here te poi ki te taura, ā, tāwhiua e te kaihaka hei kīnaki i tāna mahi. I ngā wā o mua, ka whakamahi te tāne i te poi hei whakaharatau mārohirohi tū taua; ā, whakamahia ai e te wahine ki te whakangāwari i ngā uaua, kia ngāwari ngā ringa mō ngā mahi pērā i te raranga. Ahakoa, kaha whakamahia te poi i ēnei rā ki ngā rangi Pākehā, ko ngā poi o uki i waiatatia pēnei i te haka, inā noa atu te iwi o Taranaki.
Te waiata i roto i te haka
He tūāhua nui te waiata i roto i te kapa haka. Hei tauaro ki te haka, ko ngā mea e whai ake nei ka waiatahia ki ngā rangi, ki ngā mōteatea pēnei i te waiata tira, te waiata tawhito, te waiata-ā-ringa, te poi, te whakaeke me te whakawātea. Ko tā te waiata Māori, he tuku i ngā kare-ā-roto o te tangata, o te rōpū rānei, ko te tuku i ngā kōrero hītori, ko te tāwhai rānei i ngā pūrakau. Ko te mahi ā te waiata ko te tuku i ngā mātauranga ki ngā hapori Māori.
Te haka me te mana
He maha ngā atua Māori e whai pānga ana ki te kapa haka, ko Hineruhi, ko Tānerore, ko Hinerēhia, ko Rūaumoko hoki. E kī ana te kōrero nā Tinirau te kapa haka tuatahi, i tōna whakaemi i tōna kapa wāhine. Hei rapu utu i tōna hoariri i a Kae, ka tonoa e ia te kapa wāhine ki te haka ki a Kae; he whakakata i ia, e kitea mai ai te āhua o ōna niho. I tutuki tāna i hiahia ai – ā, kata ana Kae, patua rawa a ia.
Te kapa haka tuatahi
He maha ngā atua Māori e whai pānga ana ki te kapa haka, ko Hineruhi, ko Tānerore, ko Hinerēhia, ko Rūaumoko hoki. E kī ana te kōrero nā Tinirau te kapa haka tuatahi, i tōna whakaemi i tōna kapa wāhine. Hei rapu utu i tōna hoariri i a Kae, ka tonoa e ia te kapa wāhine ki te haka ki a Kae; he whakakata i ia, e kitea mai ai te āhua o ōna niho. I tutuki tāna i hiahia ai – ā, kata ana Kae, patua rawa a ia.
Ngā pānga tuatahi ki te Pākehā
Inā te mīharo o ngā kaimātaki Pākehā ki te weriweri, ki te tāngaengae o tēnei mea te haka. Ki tā Joseph Banks, i haere mai ki Aotearoa i te taha o Kāpene Kuki i te tau 1769, ‘He maha ngā tūmomo korikoringa tinana kei roto i te haka. Ka whētero te ārero, ā, ka tīkoro ngā whatu kia huraina te mā e kitea ana i ngā whatu: otirā kāore e mahue tētahi āhuatanga e weriweri, e mataku ai te hanga nei o te tangata, kāore e hapa e kino ana ki a rātou.’2
Ngā tūmomo mahi o te kapa haka
Ko te tū me ngā ringa hei whakawehi i te hoariri, hei whakaihi, hei tō mai i te kaimātaki ki te whakakitenga. I te uekaha o te puku, i te kaha ngari o ngā nekehanga, i te aukaha o te te reo e ihi rangaranga ai, me te whakatinana i te ngako o te kōrero ki hunga whakarongo. E eke panuku ai te haka, me pakari te tinana me te hinengaro. Otirā i ngā whakatūtū waewae, ko te aronga he whakahauware i te hoariri ki te pūkana me te whētero.
Ka uia te tohunga haka o Ngāti Porou a Hēnare Te Ōwai he aha ana kōrero mō tēnei mea te haka, ko tāna: ‘Kia kōrero te katoa o te tinana.’3
Footnotes
- Tīmoti Kāretu, Haka: te tohu o te whenua rangatira: the dance of a noble people. Tāmaki Makaurau: Reed, 1993, p. 87. Back
- Banks’s descriptions of places, New Zealand, p. 236, http://southseas.nla.gov.au/journals/banks_remarks/236.html (i tirohia i te 10 Huitanguru 2014). Back
- Takitaki Haka: te tohu o te whenua rangatira, p. 22. Back
Ngā kapa haka o te rautau-19
Ngā urupare a ngā mihinare
Mai anō i te taenga mai o ngā mihinare i te rautau-19 ka ngana rātou ki te whakakore i te haka me ngā tū āhua o te ahurea Māori i tukituki ki tō rātou ake whakapono. Kātahi ka aukati te minita a Henry Williams (o te Rōpū Mihinare) i ngā haka katoa, ngā waiata tawhito, ngā mōteatea hoki, whakakapia ana e te hīmene. Nā Williams rātou ko ngā mihinare i whakatenatena kia waiatahia ngā waiata ki ngā rangi Pākehā, hei āpiti ki ngā mahi huringa.
Nō te pokapū o te rautau-19, e taunga ana te Māori ki ngā rangi waiata hīmene. Kua kapo anō i ngā waiata a te Pākehā hei kīnaki atu i ā rātou waiata. I te tau 1871, ko ngā tautiaki a Kīngi Tāwhiao tērā e waiata ana i te waiata Māori ki te rangi Pākehā i Horahora.
Te whakangahau tūruhi
I ngā tau 1800 ka puea ake ngā rōpū haka konohete tuatahi. I pārekareka ki ngā tūruhi nō Ūropi te whakarongo atu ki ngā kapa Māori e waiata ana i ngā waiata rangi Pākehā, nā te weriweri o ngā waiata tawhito ki a rātou. Whakamahia ana ngā kapa haka i ngā rangi Pākehā rongonui o taua wā me te whakawhiti anō i ngā whiti Māori ki te Pākehā.
Whiti atu ki tāwāhi
Heoi ka rangona tonutia te haka me ngā mōteatea i roto i te horopaki o ēnei tūmomo rōpū. Mawhiti atu ai ēnei kapa ki tāwāhi, ā, ka whakamahi i te āhuatanga Māori me te āhuatanga Pākehā hei ngahautanga atu. I haka tonu te rōpū a Tākuta McGauran e kīia ana ko ‘Troupe of Warrior Chiefs, Wives and Children’. I tū tērā Whakaari ki Poihākena me Poipiripi i te tau 1862, ā, nō te tau i muri mai ka tau atu ki Peretānia.
Te pōwhiri i te whare ariki
Nō mai mai, he ōkawa te pōhiritia i knag kōtuku awe nui, otirā ngā kāhui ariki o Peretānia. Otirā nō te tau 1869 ka tau tuatahi mai te whare o Peretānia, arā, te mokopuna a Kuīni Wikitōria, a Pirini Albert. I taua wā e mura tonu ana ngā pakanga whenua o Aotearoa. Nō te paenga ki te tumu i Te Whanganui-a-Tara, ka hakaina atu e ngā Māori. I kī te niupepa o Wellington Independent, ‘Ka pakaru mai te ihi me te wana i ngā Māori, ka pūkana, ka whētero, ka haka, ka piua haeretia ngā rākau ānō nei he kurī kai tāwhao. Ko ēnei tīoro he tangi whakahoahoa. He whakatau i te Tiuka tā rātou mahi.’1
Ngā kapa haka i roto i ngā whakanōhanga Māori
Ka ora tonu te kapa haka i roto i ngā whakanōhanga matua Māori pērā i te Hāhi Ringatū, te Kīngitanga me te kāinga o Te Whiti-o-Rongomai rāua ko Tohu Kākahi a Parihaka.
Ngā tira haere rongonui
Taka mai ki te rautau 20 kua taunga kē ngā kapa haka hei kanohi mō Aotearoa. Ko te kaiārahi i ngā tūruhi ko Mākereti Papakura o Te Arawa tētahi i taki i tōna kapa ki Ahitereiria me Ingarangi i ngā tau o 1910-11. Ko te ariki o Tainui ko Te Puea Hērangi tērā i kumeroa i Te Pou o Mangatāwhiri ki te kohi moni mō te whakatūnga o te marae o Tūrangawaewae hei manapou mō Te Kīngitanga.
Footnotes
- Wellington Independent, 13 Paengawhāwhā 1869, p. 3, http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&cl=search&d=WI18690413.2.11.1 (i tirohia i te 10 Huitanguru 2014). Back
Ngā panonitanga o te rautau-20
Waiata-ā-ringa
Nō ngā tau tōmua o te rautau 20 e tāpiritia ana ngā waiata-ā-ringa. I hua ake te waiata-ā-ringa i te whenumitanga o ngā waiata Pākehā me ngā nekeneke tuku iho mai i ngā tīpuna Poronīhia, ko te tūāpapa ko ngā kōrero tuku iho ā te Māori. Rerekē ana te haka me te waiata tawhito ki te waiata-ā-ringa, he maha ake ngā ā-ringa o ēnei waiata hou hei kīnaki i ngā kupu.
Ko Āpirana Ngata
E whakaae ana te iti me te rahi nā ngā mahi a Āpirana Ngata i kaingā kaunuitia ai te waiata ā-ringa i te ao Māori. Ko ngā titonga tōmua rawa e kitea ana ki te hōtaka o te hui a te Rōpū Rangatahi Māori i te tau 1908, ko ōna kaiārahi ko Ngata, ko Te Rangi Hīroa (Peter Buck) nō Ngāti Mutunga, ko Māui Pōmare mā nō Ngāti Mutunga, nō Ngāti Toa hoki.
I te wā o te Pakanga Tuatahi o te Ao ka whakatenatenatia ngā kapa haka e Ngata ki te kohi moni mō tāna Tahua Pūtea mō ngā Hōia Māori. I muri mai i te pakanga ka kohia e ia ngā waiata me ngā whaikōrero, ā, nō te tau 1929 ka puawai ake ko te puka o Ngā Mōteatea, nā, nō taua wā rā kua noho taua pukapuka hei taonga tohutoro mā ngā kaihaka.
Te poi waka
Ko tā te poi, ka whakarārangihia ngā wāhine whakaritea ana rātou me he kaihoe rātou. E ai ki ētahi nā Bella Papakura (Guide Bella) o Te Arawa tēnei i tito i te Whakaaturanga i Ōtautahi i ngā tau 1906–07.
Te tito waiata-ā-ringa
He maha ngā waiata hou ka titoa e, ka titoa mā ngā kapa haka hoki i tēnei wā. Nō te takiwā o 1918 ka titoa a ‘Pō Atarau’ (‘Now is the Hour’). Nāwai ā, ka waiatatia tēnei waiata e ngā manu korokī o te ao pērā i a Bing Crosby.
Te piupiu me ētahi atu kākahu
Nā te kaha ngākaunui o te tangata ki te kapa haka i te rautau 20 ka rerekē anō ngā momo kākahu, ā, ka whakarākaitia atu me ngā pūweru tūturu ake o te Māori, kua kore kē e tino kitea. Ka hangā houtia ētahi kākahu nō te ao tawhito. Ko te piupiu tētahi pūweru mō te tāne me te wahine, ā, he mea whakahirahira i roto i te kapa haka. Ko te tikanga o te kupu piupiu he piu mai i tētahi taha ki tētahi. He mea hanga te piupiu ki te harakeke maroke, ā, ka rarā ōna aho ki te manawataki o te haka.
Ngā taonga pūoro
Ka tīpako tonu ngā kapa haka Māori ki te whakamahi i ngā taonga puoro Pākehā hei kīnaki i ngā titonga Pākehā. Ko te rakuraku tētahi i ngākaunuiti, nā te māmā ki te kawe haere. Ko te piana koriana anō tētahi whakatangitangi i kitea e paingia ana e te Māori i te tīmatanga o te rautau 20.
I te Matatini 2017, i whakamahia e Te Reanga Mōrehu o Rātana ngā whakatangitangi e rite nei te āhua ki te pēne parāhe o te Hāhi Rātana.
Ngā rōpū tāone me ngā whakataetae
Te kapa haka me te noho tāone
Mai i ngā tau 1930 ka mātotoru ake te noho tāone ā te iwi Māori. Ka whakatūria ngā kapa haka hei taura here mō ērā e noho manene ana ki ngā tāone. Ka haere tonu ngā kaupapa ki te kohi moni me te whakangahau tūruhi, engari ko tōna kaupapa matua ko te noho hei waka kawe i te reo Māori me ngā tikanga Māori.
He toa whakaihuwaka
I arataki a Ngāpō Wehi (Bub) nō Te Whakatōhea, Ngāi Tūhoe, Te Whānau-a-Apanui, Ngāpuhi nō Ngāti Kahu hoki, rāua ko Pimia (Nen) Wehi nō Te Aitanga-a-Māhaki, Rongowhakaata, Te Whakatōhea nō Te Whānau-a-Apanui hoki, i tō rāua kapa kia whakaihuwaka ki ngā whakataetae kapa haka maha o te motu – e rua ngā toanga o te kapa haka o Waihīrere, e whā mō te kapa ā-iwi o Te Waka Huia i Tāmaki. I whakakanohihia a Aotearoa e rātou ki ngā taiopenga e whā o Te Moananui-a-Kiwa, ki ngā Taumāhekeheke o te Ao ki Seoul i te tau 1988, ka mutu ki te Whakataetae o Te Kotahitanga o Peretānia ki Wikitōria i Kānata i te tau 1994. Kia whai pūtea ai ōna kaihaka, tū ai a Te Waka Huia ki Tāmaki Paenga Hira mō te 14 tau.
Ngā kapa mātāwaka
Hāunga ngā kapa o mura, mai i te tau 1930 ka kitea te aranga mai o ngā kapa ā-iwi (nō ngā hau e whā). I te tau 1936 ka whakatūria te kapa haka o Ngāti Pōneke ki Te Whanganui-a-Tara. I te tau 1969 nā Pita Sharples i whakatū i Te Rōpū Manutaki ki Tāmakimakaurau. I tērā wā hoki ka hangaia e Kīngi Īhaka o Te Aupōuri te Karapu Māori o te Hāhi Mihinare Maōri o Tāmakimakaurau. Tōmua o ngā tau 1970 ka waihangatia Te Kotahitanga o Waitaha ki Ōtautahi. Arā tonu ngā kapa haka i puea ake i ngā iwi, pērā i te rōpū a Tuini Ngāwai (Ngāti Porou), a Te Hokowhitu-a-Tū, ki Tokomaru i te tau 1939, me te rōpū a Waihīrere ki Tūranga nā Wiremu (Bill) Kerekere (Te Aitanga-ā-Māhaki) i te tau 1951. I te takiwa o te 50 kaihaka pakeke i Aotearoa me Ahitereiria i te rau 2022.
Ngā rangi Pākehā
He rite tonu te waiata o ēnei kapa i ngā waiata whai rangi rongonui Pākehā, pērā i a ‘Que sera, sera’ me ‘Don’t be cruel’. Ahakoa he matatau katoa ēnei kaiako ki te reo me ngā waiata tawhito, ka whakamahia tonutia ngā rangi Pākehā kia tō mai i te rangatahi ki roto ki te ahurea Māori. Ko Tuini Ngāwai tētahi i whakamahi i ngā rangi Pākehā kia are ā-taringa mai te taiohi ki ngā tohutohu o āna waiata. Nāwai rā ka kīnakitia tētahi o ngā titonga a Ngoi Pēwhairangi, nō Ngāti Porou, nō Ngāti Koi ki te rangi ‘hip hop’ a Dalvanius Prime nō Tainui, Ngāpuhi, Ngāti Ruanui, Ngāti Tūwharetoa, Ngā Rauru, Pakakohi nō Ngāi Tahu. He mea whakangahau e te Karapu Māori o Pātea, huaina ai ko ‘Poi e’, i te tau 1983. Nā Pēwhairangi rāua ko Prime te reo Māori me te kapa haka i whakatairanga ki te tūmatawhānui, ko ngā whakamānawa ā te ao whānui i poho kererū ai a ngāi Aotearoa.
Te whakataetae ōkawa tuatahi
Nō te tipu haere o ngā kapa haka ā-rohe ka hua ake ngā whakataetae ōkawa ā-rohe, ā-motu hoki. He pai ake tēnei mahi i ngā pakanga ā-iwi i ngā rautau ki mua. I tū tētahi o ngā whakataetae tuatahi i te tau 1934 ki ngā whakanui mō Waitangi, i reira tukuna ai te taonga Terahi Rose Bowl ki te iwi i whakaihuwaka mō te waiata, te whaikōrero me te haka.
Te Hīra o Taumaunu
I muri tata i te Pakanga Tuarua o te Ao tīmata ai ngā whakataetae ā-rohe ki Tūranga. Mai i te tau 1953, ko te Hīra o Taumaunu te taonga whakaihuwaka, he tohu mahara ki te kaitito o Te Aitanga-a-Hauiti, ki a Karaitiana Taumaunu. He kaha te wairua whakataetae. I ngā wā parakitihi ka tukuna ngā pūrahorua ki te mātaki i ngā mahi a te hoariri.
Ko te haka ki te ao
I te tau 1963 e noho ana a Te Arohanui o Te Iwi Māori, e 150 ngā kaihaka o te kapa haka ki te pā o ngā Mōmona ki Kākaramea ki Kirikiriroa. Mai i reira ka rere atu rātou ki Laie ki Hawaii, ki te whakaoti i te hanganga o te kāinga Māori ki te Pūtahi Ahurea o Poronīhia. Kātahi ka tau atu te tira ki Karipōnia me Pā Tote, ki reira whakaatu atu i ā rātou haka ki te hōtaka makau o Amerika, arā, ko te Danny Kaye show. Nā te momoho o tērā haerenga, ka haere te Kamupene Māori o Aotearoa ki Amerika i ngā tau 1972-73 engari kāore i kake ki ngā taumata o tērā o ngā haerenga. I haereere hoki te te Karapu Māori o Pātea ki Amerika, i tū ki Irving Plaza, ki Disneyland mō te whakanui huringa 30 tau. E hia kē nei ngā kapa kua tū ki te Merrie Monarch Festival ki Hawaii, ki taiopenga ā-tau o Te Maeva Nui hoki ki Rarotonga.
Te taiopenga o Te Moan-a-nui-a-Kiwa
Nō te tau 1972, 13 ngā whakataetae ā-rohe. I tērā tau ka tū te Taiopenga o Te Moana-nui-a-Kiwa ki Whakarewarewa ki Rotorua, i kitea ai te taumāhekeheke o ngā toa ā-rohe o te motu. Ko te aronga tuatahi i tū ai ngā whakataetae ko te whakapakari i te taumata o te whakangahau tūruhi, engari ka ara ake ngā āwangawanga mō te whakarauora i te reo Māori me te ahurea Māori. Nō te tau 1983 ka panonitia te ingoa ki te Taiopenga Toi Whakaari Māori, ā, ka peia atu ngā iwi o ngā moutere.
Te Matatini
I te tau 2004 ka panoni anōtia te ingoa o te taiopenga ki Te Matatini. I tapaina te ingoa ‘matatini’ e Ahorangi Te Wharehuia Milroy, he kupu whakarite anō ki te hua mātinitini. Mai anō i tōna tīmatanga ko Te Matatini te taiopenga kapa haka nui a te Māori. Neke atu i te 1.4 miriona tāngata, te nuinga ā-matihiko, i mātaki atu i te Matatini ki te Ao, i tū ki Te Whanganui-a-Tara i te tau 2019. I āhei atu te hunga mātaki ki ngā whakapākehātanga ā-matawā nei o ngā mahi kapa haka. Neke atu i te 40 ngā kapa haka, i te takiwā o te 2,000 kaihaka i whai wāhi atu ki te whakataetae ā-motu, i whakaihuwaka i ō rātou whakataetae ā-rohe.
E ono ngā wāhanga ki ia rōpū – ko te whakaeke, ko te mōteatea, ko te poi, ko te waiata-ā-ringa, ko te haka, ko te whakawātea hoki. He kōwhiringa te waiata tira. Arā noa atu ngā wāhanga toa, arā, ko te manukura wahine, ko te manukura tāne, ko te kākahu, ko te kairangi o te reo, ko te titonga waiata hou hoki.
I te tau 2022, i whakanuia a Te Matatini i tōna huringa 50 tau mā te whakaputa i tētahi pukapuka me tētahi hōtaka ipurangi, hei whai atu i ngā kōpae e toru kapi katoa i ngā waiata nō ngā tau e tū ana te whakataetae. He mea ārahi e te kaitaki, e Rob Ruha (Te Whānau-ā-Apanui, Ngāti Porou), ko Te matatoa, he whakahounga o ngā waiata whakaihuwaka. Ko Te matakāinga, he whakahounga o tētahi waiata nō ngā rohe 13, ka mutu ko Te matakōkiri, he whakahounga o ētahi kohinga waiata rongonui.
Te kapa haka o te rautau 21
Ngā whakataetae puta noa i te motu
I te rautau 21, ko te kapa haka te waka hei pupuri i te reo me te ahurea Māori. Inā te huhua tāngata ka tū ki te haka ki tēnā whaitua, ki tēnā taumāhekeheke puta noa i te motu.
Tāpiri atu ki Te Matatini, he mano anō ngā tāngata ka haere ki te mātaki i ngā taiopenga ā-rohe hoki. Mai anō i te tau 2000, e tū ana Te Ahurea Tino Rangatiratanga, arā, ko te whakataetae kapa haka mō ngā kura tuarua o Tāmakimakaurau. Ko Te Mana Kuratahi te whakataetae ā-motu mō ngā kura tuatahi.
He take manatā
I te mea ka pāoho mataoratia ngā whakataetae matua, he mea uaua te tutuki i ngā hiahia o ngā rōpū ki te whakamahi i ngā waiata rongonui o te ao. Hei tauira, i ngā whakataetae kura tuarua o te motu 2022, ō ngā waiata 90, e rua ngā waiata kāore i āhei te pāoho mataoratia, i te kore whakaae atu o ngā kaiwaiata nō rātou ngā waiata. Hei tā ētahi kaiako, he heipūtanga tēnei mō ngā kapa ki te waihanga i ō rātou ake waiata.
Ngā pānga o te KOWHEORI-19 ki te kapa haka
I aukatihia ngā whakataetae kapa haka mō ngā tau e rua nā te KOWHEORI-19. Ko Te Matatini Herenga Waka, Herenga Tangata, i whakaritea kia tū ki Ngā Ana Wai (Eden Park) i te tau 2021, i noho tārewa, ko te whakataetae kura tuarua ā-motu i panoni hei mea tiriata. Whakakapia ērā whakataetae, ki ētahi taiopenga ngahau ā-rohe, arā, ko Haka Ngāhau ā-Rohe. I te Hōngongoi 2022, i pōhiritia te mare ki runga o Hakangahau.
Ngā Māori o Ahitereiria ki Te Matatini
I hua ake Te Matatini i te Taiopenga o Te Moana-nui-a-Kiwa. I tēra o ngā taiopenga ka whai wāhi atu ngā iwi o Te Moana-nui-a-Kiwa. Nāwai ā, ka noho te taiopenga ki te Māori anake. Heoi i te tau 2010 ka uru atu anō tētahi kapa nō tāwāhi ki Te Matatini, arā, ko Manawa Mai Tawhiti nō te Urupū (Perth) i Ahitereiria. I hinga i a rātou ngā kapa e waru o Ahitereiria kia tae rātou ki Te Matatini.
Ngā hua mātauranga
He maha ngā hua mātauranga o te kapa haka. Tērā ko te pupuri me te whakatairanga i te reo me ngā tikanga Māori, tērā ko te whakamahinga o te mau rākau me te taonga puoro. Kua kite te hunga kaiako kāore i kō atu i te kapa haka hei ako i te pōwhiri, i te karakia me te whaikōrero. Kei roto i te kapa haka ngā akoranga e pā ana ki te whanaungatanga, te manaakitanga me te aroha, tae atu ki te mahi whakahere, mahi tito waiata me te whakakoi i te hinengaro.
Ka whakaakona anō hoki te mahi kapa haka ki ngā whare wānanga hei pepa tohu paetahi.
Te kapa haka
Tōmua o te rautau 21 i te tipu haere ngā whakanōhanga ā-motu, pēnei i Te Taua Moana ka tahuri ki te kapa haka hei pōwhiri i ngā manuiri, hei whakatenatena i te hautoa o te takitahi me te takitini. Nā konei anō i āhei atu ngā kaimahi Māori ki te ako i tō rātou ahurea. Ka mutu, ka ako ngā pia hou i te haka o te taua moana. Ko Toi Whakaari te kura toi whakaari o te motu, ka whakaakona te kapa haka ki ngā tauira o te tau tuatahi me te tau tuarua.
Te pōhiri i ngā tangata hau
Ko tā ngā kapa haka, ka Pōhiritia ōkawatia ai ngā manuhiri tuārangi, tangata hau ka tae mai ki Aotearoa. Kua pēnei te pōhiritia o ēnei tāngata, ko ngā mema o te kāhui ariki o Ingarangi, ko te Perehitina ō mua, ko Barack Obama, ko te kaiwaiata Billie Eilish, ko te kaiwhakaari, ko Jason Momoa hoki.
Te tukituki o te ao hou me te ao tawhito
E rerekē haere ana te kapa haka, ā, he rite tonu ngā tautohetohe a ngā kaipupuri tikanga me te hunga wairua auaha. Ko Te Rangihau tētahi i ū tonu ki ngā tikanga o tua whakarere. He tohunga mau rākau, he kākā tarahae hoki a Te Rangihau, kīhai tonu i whakaae ki te haka taparahi a te wahine. Arā anō hoki te momo pērā i a Ngāpō Wehi (nō Te Whakatōhea) i whakatenatena i te hunga wāhine kia haka. I te tau 1990 ka mau rākau ana wāhine, i kawa ai ētahi o te minenga.
Ngā haka o ēnei rā
I ēnei rā ka ruku atu ngā titonga waiata ki ngā kaupapa o mua, o muri hoki. Kua tuhi haka a Wehi e pā ana ki te ‘kōpaki pūtea’, ki te taikaha a ētahi Māori, ko ngā take hauora e pā ai ki te iwi Māori me te hokonga atu o ngā rawa a te motu. E ū tonu ana a Wehi ki tāna kōrero, ko te kaupapa o te haka he ōrite ki ngā wā o mua. ‘I ēnei rā kua kore ngā pakanga o mua, ā, kua ahu kē ki ngā pakanga o te ao tōrangapū.’1
Te tuakiri ā-iwi
He kaihaka, he kaiako, he kaitito, he kaiwhakawā haka hoki a Te Rita Papesch. Kua whakapuakina e ia tōna āwangawanga ki te ngaronga o te tuakiri ā-iwi i waenganui i ngā kapa haka o ēnei rā. I mua atu he mārakerake te kite atu nō hea tētahi i tōna mita, i ōna nekeneke me tōna tū. Heoi nō nā tata nei i waimeha ai te tū, i whakawhenumitia ai te tū a te Māori ki ngā tikanga o Hawaii, o Tahiti o Rarotonga hoki.
Te whakangaio i te kapa haka
Ko tētahi atu take ongaonga ko te mahi moni i te kapa haka. Kua tīmata te whai a Te Matatini i ngā tūāhua ngaio pērā i te whakaari o Arohanui. He whakaaturanga nui tēnei i tū ki Te Whanganui-a-Tara me Tāmaki-makaurau i te wā o te Ipu Whutupōro o te Ao i te tau 2011. Otirā ka mahi tahi ngā kaihaka me ngā kaiwhakaari i roto i tēnei whakaari i hangā mō ngā kaimātaki toi whakaari o te ao katoa.
Te matapopore i te kapa haka
E hia kē nei ngā rangahau ā-wānanga kua titiro ki te wāriu o te kapa haka ki te motu. E ai ki tētahi rangahau nā Ngā Pae o te Māramatanga i te tau 2022, ko tā te kapa haka he tuwhera i ngā tatau ki te Māori kia tū pakari ai rātou i roto i tō rātou māoritanga, i tō rātou ūkaipōtanga, he āheinga anō ki te mātauranga Māori. I kitea anō ko te whai wāhi atu o te Māori ki te tū hei Māori ahakoa te whāiti o tō rātou ahurea, i kitea hoki te whai oranga o te hapori Māori whānui.I tohe rātou, he mea rongoā, he mea waiora te kapa haka.2
Footnotes
- Takitaki Bradford Haami, Ka mau te wehi: Taking haka to the world: Bub & Nen’s story. Tāmaki Makaurau: Ngāpō and Pīmia Wehi Whānau Trust, 2013, p. 218. Back
- Linda Waimarie Nikora et al., The value of kapa haka: an overview report. Tāmaki Makaurau: Ngā Pae o te Māramatanga, 2022, p. 2. Back