I ngā tekau tau 1990 me 2000, ka nui kē ake te hunga Māori e mahi ana mō rātou ake i a tauiwi mā, hāunga nō te tau 2009, kāre i rahi ki a tauiwi mā mō te mahi mō rātou ake – ko te hunga Māori me ngā iwi o ngā moutere ngā iwi kīhai i kaha te whai i ngā mahi mō rātou ake. He pēnei anō te rerekē o te Māori ki a tauiwi i ngā tatauranga matua mō te whai mahi. Nā ngā hanganga hou o ngā tekau tau 1980 me 1990 ka hiko ngā Māori ki te mahi hei ‘necessity entrepreneurs’.
Te riro mai i ngā rawa
Nā te iti o ngā utu mahi, te iti o ngā moni penapena, me te whakakotahitanga o ngā kaipupuri whenua, rawa hoki, ka uaua ake te whai pūtea tautoko mō ētahi atu mahinga hou.
I ngā tau tōmua o te rau tau 2000, ko te hiahia a ngā pēke nunui he whakawhanake i ā rātou kaupapa here, ture ārahi hoki kia māmā ake ai ngā tuku taurewa moni, tae rawa ake ki ngā rōpū kua pūpū i ō rātou rawa hei taituarā. Ko te pīrangi a ngā kaitiakitanga Māori kaitā me ngā kaporeihana he whakarato i ngā pakihi a ō rātou kaipupuri ki ngā moni a ngā iwi.
Te hanganga pakihi
He whānui ake ngā tūmomo hanganga o ngā pakihi Māori i ngā tau tōmua o 2000, mai i te mahi pakihi aronga whānui (pērā i ngā mahi tauhoko takitahi, takirua, ā-kamupene rānei) me ngā whakahaerenga marae, whānau, iwi rānei. Kāre ēnei pakihi i whai i ngā tikanga pakihi whānui o tērā wā. He wā kua uaua ake ngā whakataunga, ngā whakahaerenga me ngā tuku pūrongo i waenganui i ngā pakihi ā-iwi.
Ngā pūkenga whakahaere
He pāpaku ngā pūkenga whakahaere a ngā pakihi Māori, nā te kore whai wāhi ki ngā mātauranga o ngā whare wānanga. Nā te kore whai pūkenga whakahaere, kāre i tipu kaha ngā pakihi nei. I ngā tau tōmua o 2000, he nui ngā pakihi Māori e tipu tonu ana, he tino iti rānei. Ko te nuinga kāre anō kia riro i ngā pūkenga tika hei whai oranga.
Ngā herenga tikanga whakaaro
Ko tētahi raru, ko te hoki o ngā whānau ki ngā pakihi tono moni, mahi rānei ai. Nō konei, kāre i tipu te angitū ki ngā pakihi. Ko te whakaaro ‘tātou tātou’ e kukume whakararo ana i ngā pakihi kia kore ai e tipu.
Ngā ārai
I ngā tau tōmua o 2000, ko te tau waenga pakeke mō te taupori Māori e 13 ngā tau iti iho i a tauiwi mā. Ka kōkuhu tōmua te hunga Māori ki roto i te ao pakihi i a tauiwi mā, me te kore whai pūkenga mahi.