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Kōrero: Contemporary Māori art – ngā toi hōu

Whārangi 2: Te toi hou a te Māori, te toi taketake a te Māori

Te whakaaturanga tuatahi

I māpuna ake te toi hou a te Māori i ngā tau 1950 me 1960 i te hanumitanga o ngā toi taketake ake a te Māori ki ngā toi i takea mai i ngā ariā toi a tauiwi (western modernism), e kīia ana he primitivism, arā, te whakaahua i te wairua ngāwari i te mahi toi. I whai kiko tēnei toi hou i te whakaaturanga o ngā kaiako e rima (a Ralph Hōtere rātou ko Kāterina Mataira, ko Muru Walters, ko Selwyn Wilson me Arnold Wilson) e mahi ana i te Tai Tokerau. I tū te whakaaturanga ki te Whare Mātauranga o Te Whare Wānanga o Tāmaki-makaurau. 

He pātai tuakiri

I te tau 1976, ka whakatau ake a Ralph Hōtere, ‘I whānau, i tipu Māori mai ahau. Mō āku mahi, i tūpono noa iho mai tērā āhuatanga.’1 Nō muri tata nei, ka tōwaitia e Robert Jahnke: He Māori ahau, ā, i ōrua mai te taonga o te mahi toi.’2 He nui ngā tohungatoi Māori o te ao e taupatupatu ana i waenganui i ngā ao e rua. 

Ngā rōpū toi hou o te motu

I te tau 1959 ka whakaae te Pirimia, a Walter Nash kia whakaurua te ahurea ki te marautanga mātauranga. I te tau 1960 ka whakahaere a Gordon Tovey rāua ko te tohunga whakairo a Pine Taiapa i te hui ā-motu ki Ruatōrea. I reira ka taka ngā kaitohutohu toi Māori ki raro i ngā ako a ngā tohunga nui o te motu. Ka whakatū hoki te kāhui ā-motu o ngā tohungatoi. Mai i tēnei hui ka hua ake te rōpū ā-motu mō ngā toi hou a te Māori. Nō te tau 1963 ka tū te Taiopenga Toi Māori tuatahi ki Tūrangawaewae. Koinei te wā tuatahi i whakaaturia ai ngā toi tawhito me ngā toi hou ki te wāhi kotahi. Ka whai hiranga ake ngā toi hou ki te Taiopenga Toi Māori i tū ki Kirikiriroa i te tau 1966.

Te Ahurea Māori me te Ao Hou

I te tau 1966 anō ka whakatūria te whakaaturanga o Te Ahurea Māori o Nāianei ki te Whare Taonga o Ōtautahi. Ko Buck Nin te kaiwhakahaere, ā, i whai atu ngā tohungatoi o Te Tai Tokerau pērā i a Cath Brown rātou ko Jonathan Mane-Wheoki, ko Herewini Murupaenga me Pauline Yearbury. Arā tonu ngā whiuwhiu kōrero i puta i te tāpiritanga o ngā toi Māori hou i te taha o ngā kohinga toi taketake Māori a te whare taonga. 

Te whakamārama i te toi Māori

I te tau 1996 ka mea a Hirini Moko Mead: ‘Ko te toi Māori pea he toi e mau nei te āhua Māori, te wairua Māori me ngā tikanga o te ao Māori. Ko te tohunga toi Māori me Māori tonu, ka mutu me whai whakapapa e kīia ai ana mahi he toi Māori.’3 I runga i tēnei aronga noho momotu ai ngā tohungatoi Māori i ngā Tāone, ahakoa kua angitū kē rātou hei kaihoko, kaikohi, kaiwhakahaere taiwhanga, hei kaikōrero hoki. E ai hoki ki a Cliff Whiting, kāore i tua atu i ngā wharenui Māori hei taiwhanga whakaatu toi. 

Te oranga tonu, te matenga rānei

E haurokuroku ana te noho a te hononga a te toi hou me te toi taketake. Ka tautohetia e ngā kaiwhakaae me ngā kaiwhakahē, mēnā rānei he tohu pai, he tohu kino rānei tēnei hononga. Ki a Kāterina Mataira, he huhua ngā pānga Māori e whakaawe ana i ngā mahi toi a Arnold Wilson rāua ko Paratene Matchitt, ā, he nui ngā whakairo me ngā kōwhaiwhai Māori e whakaurua ana i roto i ngā hoahoa a Muru rātou ko Matchitt me Whiting. Heoi ki te kairīpoata Māori a Harry Dansey, nā te korekore o ngā rākeitanga ā-papa, me te whakamahi i te papa māheniheni, i rerekē ai tēnei tūmomo toi whakairo rākau. I noho rangirua ia ki te āhua o ngā toi a Hōtere me te kī, ‘kāretahi he paku Māoritanga o roto i ana mahi’. Me i kitea e ia, ka pēhea ōna whakaaro ki ngā whakairo tōtōkau a Matt Pine i Ūropi i taua wā?

Nō konei ka noho wehe ētahi tohungatoi hou i ngā toi taketake. I te tau 1961 ka kōrero a Muru Walters, ‘e uruhau tonu ana ngā kaiwhakairo o nāianei ki te whai i ngā tauira  nanahi, me te kore e aro ki tōna tikanga i ēnei rā’.5 I te tau 1967 ka whakatūria a Te Puia ki Te Whakarewarewa i Rotorua. Ko Hone Taiapa te kaiārahi o te whare whakairo, ko Emily Schuster te kaiārahi o te wharepora (i tuwhera i te tau 1969). Kei tēnā, kei tēnā, āna tirohanga mō te kura nei. Ki ētahi he hokinga whakamuri tēnei, engari ki ētahi, he whanaketanga whakamua kē.

Ki mua Whai muri: Whārangi 3. Ngā whanaketanga hou Whai muri
Footnotes
  1. Takitaki Frank Davis, ‘Maori art and artists.’ Education 9 (1976), p. 29. Back
  2. Takitaki ‘Identity and iconography.’ CS Arts Magazine, http://www.cs.org.nz/magazine/february_08/rjahnke (i tirohia i te 23 Pipiri 2014). Back
  3. H. M. Mead, ‘Maori art restructured, reorganised, re-examined and reclaimed.’ He Pukenga Korero 2, no. 1 (1996), p. 4. Back
  4. Harry Dansey, ‘Maori artists make mark as professionals.’ Auckland Star, 3 Mahuru 1966. Back
  5. ‘Muru Walters: a personality study.’ Te Ao Hou 35 (Pipiri 1961), p. 28. Back

Me pēnei te tohu i te whārang

Jonathan Mane-Wheoki, Contemporary Māori art – ngā toi hōu – Te toi hou a te Māori, te toi taketake a te Māori, Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand, https://teara.govt.nz/mi/nga-toi-hou/page-2 (accessed 24 June 2026).

He kōrero nā Jonathan Mane-Wheoki, i tāngia i te 25 May 2017.