Te kai tuatahi
Nō ngā tau tōmuri o te rautau 1700 ka pā te ngutu Māori ki te tupeka, arā, i ngā taenga tuatahi mai o te Pākehā. Kīhai i roa ka apohia e te Māori, mā te paipa uku, mā te ngaungau rānei kainga ai. Ko te ‘kai paipa’ me te ‘momi paipa’ ngā kārangaranga ingoa mō te kai i tēnei kai. Arā atu anō ōna kārangaranga ingoa he ‘kai hikareti’, he ‘momi hikareti’ rānei. Ka ahu mai te kupu ‘tupeka’ i tōna hoa Pākehā, arā, ‘tobacco’.
Ko te pū, ko te puehu kariri, ko te waipiro me te tupeka ngā taonga hokohoko i ngā tau tōmua o te rautau 1800. Ka whakamahia te tupeka e te Pākehā hei utu i te Māori (tae atu ki ngā taitamariki) mō ētahi mahi, hei taonga rānei. Kāti, ka whiwhi ngā rangatira i haina i te Tiriti o Waitangi i te tupeka, i te kāho tupeka rānei. Kia whiwhi rā anō ki ngā tipu, kātahi ka whakatōkia ki ngā māra kai o ngā pā.
He atua, he tangata rānei?
I te kitenga o te auahi e puta mai ana i te waha o Kāpene Kuki, ka tāwhiua ia e Te Ihutakura o Ngāi Tahu ki te wai. Ka mea a Ihutakura ki ōna hoa Māori, mēnā ka poko te ahi, he tangata noa te urukehu nei. Ki te kā tonu te ahi kāti he atua a ia, me patu. Nō te tāwhiunga i te wai, poko tonu atu te kāpura o te paipa, ā, ka kīia a Kuki he tangata noa iho.
Auahi ana ngā paipa a te Māori, pakeke mai, tamariki mai hoki. Kua waia noa atu te tāne Māori ki te momi, ā, he pērā anō ngā kuia Māori i whakaahuatia i te wā i kiriweti te marea ki te wahine Pākehā momi paipa. Ka momi anō ngā rangatahi me te hunga taitamariki, engari kāore i te mōhiotia mēnā i horapa whānui tēnei āhua. I te tau 1899, ka puta te kōrero i te niupepa Māori o Te Puke ki Hikurangi:
Me korero ake tatau mo te tupeka, me te tikareti, e Kainganuitia ana tenei auahi e nga taane e nga wahine, me nga tamariki taane wahine, ko ta te Pakeha tikanga mo tenei kai mo te tupeka, ma nga taane Kaumatua anake e kai, kia rite ra no nga tau o nga tamariki taane, ka kai ai i te paipa tupeka, kaore rawa nga wahine e kai, me nga Tai-Tamahine.1
Ngā whakawhiu o te kai tupeka
Nō te pokapū o te rautau 1900 rā anō ka whakaae ngā mana hauora he pānga kino tō te kai tupeka – pērā i te mate pukupuku, te mate manawa, me te mate romahā. Hei ahakoa, kīhai i whakamāramatia ēnei mate ki te Māori i ngā rautau o 1800 me 1900, nā te mea:
- he kongakonga noa iho ngā mōhiohio e pā ana ki te hauora Māori
- He tokoiti anake te Māori ka whai wāhi ki te pūnaha hauora, ā, kāore i tuhi tikatia ngā take mate o te Māori
- I whakawarea ngā tahumaero tupeka i te kaha o ngā mate hōrapa, ngā mate maha me te pahemo i te wā o te tamarikitanga
Kei ngā rangahau o ngā taunaki o mua ka kitea ngā whakawhiu o te tupeka. Hei tauira, i ngā tau tōmua o te rautau 1900, ko te mate romahā te mate nui rawa mō ngā tākuta Māori (i te tau 1907 e 24.4 ōrau ka kite i te tākuta mō tēnei mate).
Ngā ātete tuatahi
Arā anō nga ātete ki te kai tupeka a te Māori. I te tīmatanga o te rautau 1900, ka aukati te poropiti o Tūhoe a Rua Kenana i te kai tupeka. Kātahi ia ka panaia i tōna marae i Maungapōhatu. I runga i te Ture Kaunihera Māori 1900, ka whakamanahia ngā kaunihera kia whakakore i te tupeka ki te hunga tamariki, me te hāmene i ngā kaihoko tupeka. Tē mōhiotia mēnā i whakamahi ngā kaunihera i tēnei ture – nā te korekore o ngā ratonga, ka hāngai kē te whakaaro ki ētahi atu raru nui.
Te ia whakamahi
Nō te pokapū o te rautau 1900 rā anō kātahi anō ka whakaae ngā mana ki ngā mōrearea o te kai tupeka. Tae rawa ake ki taua wā kuatangata whenua te tupeka me te kai hikareti (kua āhua mahue ngā paipa i taua wā) ki ngā kāinga Māori. Ahakoa ka puta ake ngā taipitopito mō te kai tupeka a te Māori, ka horapa tonu ngā mate e hua ai i te tupeka; arā, ngā mate romahā me ngā mate manawa.
I te tau 1962 ka puta te rangahau e pā ana ki ngā Māori noho taiwhenua. E ai ki ngā tatauranga, 58 ōrau o te hunga tāne; 70 ōrau o te hunga wāhine i kai tupeka. Mō te taupori whānui (ngā Māori me tauiwi); 38 ōrau o ngā tāne, 31 ōrau o ngā wāhine ka kai tupeka. Nāwai, ā, ko te wahine Māori tonu te papa. Mō tauiwi ko te hunga tāne kē.
Tau ruamano
I te tau 2011-12, 41 ōrau o ngā pākeke Māori (18 ōrau mō ngā pākeke) ka momi tupeka. Ahakoa te teitei, e paheke ana tēnei tatauranga mai i te tau 1991; i te wā e 50 ōrau o te taupori Māori i momi tupeka. Ka mutu nō te tau 2009 ko ngā wāhine Māori (20-24 tau te pakeke) te rōpū kaha rawa te kai tupeka: e 61 ōrau i kai tupeka. Ki te whakataurite atu ki a tauiwi, e rua whakarea ake te pānga o te Māori e te auahi tupeka o tētahi (second hand smoke) i roto i te kāinga me te motukā. 11.5 tau noa iho te tau toharite i tīmata ai tēnei hunga ki te momi. Mō tauiwi, 12.7 te pakeke.
Te tinei mō ake tonu atu
Mai i te tau 1999 ka hua ngā mahi pai a ngā hōtaka Māori mō te auahi kore. Ko ētahi kaupapa āwhina i te Māori ko te Quitline me ngā hōtaka whai pānga. Kō atu i te 62 ōrau o ngā kaimomi Māori i ngana ki te whakamutu i te momi i roto anō i te rima tau, ā, tae atu ki te tau 2009 – he ōrite tēnei tauira ki tērā o tauiwi. Ka mutu i te tau 2011 kua heke iho te tau tīmata ki te momi, arā, ko te hunga kōtiro Māori 14-15 tau te pakeke. I heke tēnei tau mai i te 16.3 ōrau ki te 11.3 ōrau. He tini ngā marae e auahi kore ana; tae atu ki ngā kōhanga reo me ngā kura kaupapa Māori katoa.