This 1879 watercolour of Pukearuhe and the White Cliffs shows the Armed Constabulary redoubt and the township of Clifton. For several hundred years Pukearuhe pā was a Ngāti Tama stronghold which protected the northern frontier of Taranaki. In 1865 the 70th Regiment and Taranaki Bushrangers occupied the area and built a redoubt and blockhouse. In 1869 the small garrison of three men, the commander’s family and the Reverend John Whiteley were killed in a Ngāti Maniapoto raid, after which the post was abandoned. It was reoccupied from 1872 until 1885 by Armed Constabulary under Captain William Messenger. Pukearuhe pā was returned to Ngāti Tama in 2003 as part of their Treaty of Waitangi settlement.