Most of New Zealand’s European immigrants have come from north-western Europe. As only small numbers arrived from other Western European countries like Spain, Portugal or Belgium, they have not formed discernible groups with distinctive cultural or social lives.
At least a few people of almost every European nationality came during the gold rushes of the 1860s. For the rest of the 19th and early 20th centuries, people from these other European countries arrived intermittently, as individuals or in small family groups. Their numbers seldom rose above a few hundred.
The contrast with Australia
People from some European countries migrated in much greater numbers to Australia than to New Zealand. The Spanish-born population in New Zealand, for example, was only 1,500 in 2018, compared to around 16,000 in Australia. Small groups of Europeans in New Zealand often maintained their cultural identity by forging links with the larger communities of their compatriots in Australia.