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From the 1860s hospitals were made safer by the use of antiseptics such as carbolic acid, and efforts to exclude bacteria and viruses. Here, hospital staff and a patient are shown in an operating theatre in the late 19th century.
Te whakamahi i tēnei tūemi
Alexander Turnbull Library, James McAllister Collection (PAColl-3054)
Reference: 1/1-012752; G
by James McAllister
Permission of the Alexander Turnbull Library, National Library of New Zealand, Te Puna Mātauranga o Aotearoa, must be obtained before any re-use of this image.