(1873–1962).

Author and librarian.

A new biography of Andersen, Johannes Carl appears in the Dictionary of New Zealand Biography on this site.

Johannes Carl Andersen was born at Haritzler, Denmark, on 14 March 1873, the son of Jorgen Andersen, a watchmaker, and of Johanne, née Hansen. He came to Christchurch at the age of two years. In 1887 he joined the Lands and Survey Department as a cadet, transferring to the General Assembly Library, Wellington, in 1915. Upon the founding of the Alexander Turnbull Library, he was appointed Librarian in 1918, continuing until his retirement in 1937. With wide and scholarly interests, he was an industrious writer and active in many cultural societies. For nine years he edited the Transactions of the New Zealand Institute, and for 22 years the Journal of the Polynesian Society (q.v.). He served long terms on the Dominion Museum Board of Management, the New Zealand Geographic Board, the Maori Purposes Fund Board; he was a president of the Ex-Libris Society and the Numismatic Society, and was a fellow of the latter as well as of the Royal Society of New Zealand. He was made an M.B.E. in 1935.

Andersen was a popular lecturer on bird song, poetry, literature, folklore, and Maori life. He will be remembered for his work in editing learned scientific journals, in popularising the study of the Maori and of New Zealand birds, for his development of the Alexander Turnbull Library, for his writings on prosody, Maori place names, and South Canterbury history. In addition he was a facile poet and a colourful prose writer with imagination and a sense of humour. Apart from numerous periodical and newspaper articles, Andersen's principal publications are Songs Unsung (1903), Lamp of Psyche (1908), Maori Life in Aotea (1907), Jubilee History of South Canterbury (1916), Bird Song (1926), Place Names of Banks Peninsula (1927), Maori String Figures (1927), Laws of Verse (1928), Myths and Legends of the Polynesians (1928), Elfin Dell (1934), Maori Music (1934), Contributions to Annals of New Zealand Literature (1936), Lure of New Zealand Book Collecting (1936), Contributions to History of Printing in New Zealand (1940), Maori Place Names (1942), Polynesian Literature (1946), Maori Tohunga (1947). Old Christchurch (1949), and with G. C. Petersen, The Mair Family (1956).

On 9 May 1900, at the Church of St. John the Evangelist, Woolston, Christchurch, Andersen married Catherine Anne, daughter of James McHaffie, by whom he had two sons. He died at 61 Allendale Road, Mount Albert, Auckland, on 19 June 1962.

by Clyde Romer Hughes Taylor, M.A., DIP.JOURN., formerly Chief Librarian, Turnbull Library, Wellington.

An anchovy (family Engraulidae) and two species of true herring (family Clupeidae) occur in New Zealand waters. They move about in large shoals, often accompanied or pursued by other pelagic fish, such as mackerel, kahawai, or mullet. In some areas, at certain times of the year, they are exceedingly abundant, but their distributions and the factors controlling their migrations are still very incompletely known.

The anchovy, Engraulis australis (kokowhawha or korowhawha of the Maori), can be distinguished from the others by its large, undershot lower jaw. It grows to 3 or 4 in. in length and is blue above and silver below. It is more common in the north of New Zealand.

The pilchard, sardine, or Picton herring, Sardinia neopilchardus (mohimohi of the Maori), is 5–8 in. in length and silver in colour, slightly darker above. Occurring in vast schools, pilchards are taken as food by many other fish, including both surface and bottom-dwelling species, as well as by seabirds.

The sprat, Clupea antipodum (kupae of the Maori), is dark blue above, silver below, with the lower fins slightly yellowish, and has an average length of 3 in. Although very similar to the pilchard, the sprat can be distinguished by its deeper, narrower body, stronger spines on the belly, and the dorsal fin closer to the tail, inserted above and behind the ventral fins (the pilchard's dorsal fin is anterior to the ventrals).

Other fish sometimes confused with these three species and erroneously called “herrings” are the mullets (yellow eyed, and grey), young mackerel and kahawai, and the “whitebait” young of the freshwater inanga.

by Lawrence James Paul, B.SC., Fisheries Division, Marine Department, Wellington.

(1867–1927).

Barrister, journalist, Judge of the Supreme Court.

A new biography of Alpers, Oscar Thorwald Johan appears in the Dictionary of New Zealand Biography on this site.

Oscar Thorwald Johan Alpers, the only son of Thorwald Alpers, was born on 28 January 1867 at Copenhagen, Denmark, and received his first education there at Kelskov's Grammar School. When he was eight years old, however, his family emigrated to New Zealand where his father had determined to start a new life in Napier. At that stage Alpers could not speak English but within four years, despite indifferent schooling, he had attained such a command of the language and of the subjects that he was appointed a pupil tutor at the Napier District School, and by the age of 16 had obtained a bursary for education at the Teachers' Training College at Christchurch. Whilst at the training college he also attended Canterbury University College, and in 1887 obtained a B.A. degree and the John Tinline Scholarship in English literature. The following year he proceeded to M.A. with first-class honours in languages and literature and was appointed assistant to the professor of English. For three years he served as the professor's assistant and in 1893 when the professor went to England for a short period, he acted as his locum tenens.

During this period Alpers was also on the staff of the Christchurch Boys' High School where he remained for the next 15 years. In 1903, however, Alpers turned to the study of law at Canterbury University College, and, acquiring his LL.B. in the following year, entered into partnership at Timaru. In October 1907 Alpers returned to Christchurch to practise, at first on his own account, and then after 1909 in partnership with the firm of Garrick, Cowlishaw, and Co., where he remained until his appointment to the Supreme Court Bench in 1925. On the very day that he was informed of his appointment as Judge, he was advised from Copenhagen that he had been appointed Consul for Denmark in respect of the South Island, but this office, by reason of his judicial appointment, he was obliged at once to decline. His duties as a Judge of the Supreme Court commenced at Wellington in February 1925 but it was not long before he was a victim of cancer. He died at Wellington on 21 November 1927.

Alpers was survived by his wife, Natalie May, the daughter of Captain Henry Rose, of Dunedin, whom he had married in 1911, and by whom he had three children, two sons and one daughter.

As an advocate Alpers was not, and never professed to be, a counsel learned in all the intricacies of the law but he excelled as a trial lawyer. His strength lay in the examination and cross-examination of witnesses and appeals to the jury, and his appearance in Court was always commanding and impressive. He had a powerful voice with a full and easy command of the English language and a highly developed sense of the dramatic. His large frame, complete self-assurance, and dramatic use of a monocle all contributed to the impressive effect he created, but this was never turned to unfair advantage. As a Judge, Alpers unfortunately had inadequate health and time to demonstrate fully his powers, but his contemporaries spoke of the painstaking care of his judgments and of his courtesy and kindness from the bench.

Alpers appeared to have played no important part in local or national politics but his contribution to local affairs was considerable, especially during the First World War. For in that period he made great efforts to assist the recruitment of armed forces and the raising of war funds by campaigning throughout Canterbury organising meetings, concerts, and the like. He was a powerful force behind the Red Cross movement and was largely responsible for the establishment and monthly publication of its journal The Red Cross Record. He also helped to establish the Returned Servicemen's Association and did much to gather funds for that organisation; he was the first person, and one of the few non-servicemen, to be elected a life member of the association.

His purely recreational interests were in literature and the stage. The dramatic talents which were so characteristic of his Court appearances received fulfilment in his performances in local theatrical productions, and it is significant that his best leading roles were not in tragedies. He was a constant contributor to newspapers in Christchurch and conducted a regular column in the Lyttelton Times for some time. He was also a contributor to The Fortnightly Review, Empire Review, Nineteenth Century and After, and other journals. In 1900 he collaborated with Mr (later Professor) R. F. Irvine in the writing of a history of New Zealand in the Nineteenth Century. He was also the author of The Jubilee Book of Canterbury Rhymes, and College Rhymes; An Anthology of Canterbury College Verse, which was published for the jubilee celebrations of the college in 1923. Probably the most important of his works, however, was his autobiography Cheerful Yesterdays which was dictated largely from his death bed.

Alpers was a man who loved life and people and was essentially of a gregarious and generous nature. Even though his conversation smacked of the egotist, he was never a selfish or unilateral egoist, and throughout his life he always had the capacity for making and keeping many good friends. It was an indication of his popularity that on the night of the announcement of his appointment as a Judge, the whole audience of a Christchurch theatre spontaneously burst into applause when he entered with his wife.

by Donald Edgar Paterson, B.A., LL.M.(N.Z.), LL.M., J.S.D.(YALE), Lecturer in Jurisprudence and Constitutional Law, Victoria University of Wellington.

• Cheerful Yesterdays, Alpers, O. T. J. (1951)
• Press (Christchurch) 22, 23 Nov 1927 (Obits)
• Evening Post 21, 25 Nov 1927 (Obits).

(1882–1964).

Soldier and administrator.

A new biography of Allen, Stephen Shepherd appears in the Dictionary of New Zealand Biography on this site.

Stephen Shepherd Allen was born at Cheadle, Staffordshire, on 2 August 1882 and educated at Pembroke College, Cambridge. Joining the British Army, he rose rapidly to the rank of Major in the 6th Regiment by 1914, but transferred to the NZEF in 1915. By 1917 he was a Lieutenant-Colonel, winning a D.S.O. with Bar, 1918. From 1920 to 1924 he commanded the 1st N.Z. Infantry, and again in 1933–37. In 1928 he was appointed for a four-year term as Administrator of Western Samoa, and from 1932 to 1936 he was prominent in transport administration. In the Second World War he was again active, first with the British Army in England and then with the New Zealand Forces in the Mediterranean. He was Mayor of Morrins-ville, 1927–28, and Grand Master of the Freemasons N.Z.C., 1948–50. A graduate in arts and in law, he contributed papers to the Kipling Journal and published Early Morrinsville (1959).

In 1919 he was awarded C.M.G. and in 1933, following his term of office in Samoa, he was created a K.B.E. He was killed in a motor accident, near Maramarua, on 4 November 1964.

by Bernard John Foster, M.A., Research Officer, Department of Internal Affairs, Wellington.

• New Zealand Herald, 5 Nov 1964 (Obit).

(1855–1942). Statesman.

A new biography of Allen, James appears in the Dictionary of New Zealand Biography on this site.

James Allen was born near Adelaide, South Australia, on 10 February 1855, the elder son of James and Mary Bax Allen. In early 1859, after the death of his wife, the father settled in Dunedin where he invested shrewdly in property. He took the children to England in 1862 to put them in the care of an uncle. James senior returned to Dunedin where he died in 1865. Allen was educated at Clifton College, and St John's College, Cambridge, where he obtained a third class in the natural sciences tripos in 1877. He was obliged to return to Dunedin to attend to the property he had inherited, but was in England again between 1874 and 1877 when he attended the Normal School of Science and the Royal School of Mines where he won the Bessemer and Murchison Medals.

Allen entered political life in 1880 when he was elected to the Dunedin City Council but resigned in 1883. At the general election of 1887 he stood for Dunedin East in the Conservative interest against the Premier, Sir Robert Stout, and defeated him. By now Allen was comparatively well known, not only in political but also in sporting and education spheres. He had played rugby twice for his university against Oxford and had captained the provincial rugby team. As the last life member, he had been appointed to the Council of the University of Otago, where he was later to become Vice-Chancellor (1903–09) and Chancellor (1909–12).

He was defeated at the 1890 election but in 1892 was returned at a by-election for Bruce, a seat he held until 1920. During the next 20 years he was in Opposition and recognised as one of the leaders. In June 1900 when Russell informed the House that the Opposition no longer considered itself an organised party, Allen was widely regarded as most likely to be his successor. Allen was shy, stiff, and lacked some of the essential qualities of a party leader and in 1903 Massey became leader with Allen as his deputy. In June 1912 the Reform Party became the Government and Allen took the ministries of Finance, Defence, and Education. The three budgets he presented were regarded as being extremely sound, and he was also responsible for the Act which reorganised the administration of education.

Allen is chiefly remembered for his work as Minister of Defence. He had long been interested in the volunteers and since 1891 had commanded various Otago units. In 1912 he retired with a Territorial decoration and the honorary rank of colonel. Basic military policy had already been settled when Allen took office, but he completely changed New Zealand naval policy. New Zealand's naval effort was restricted to the payment of a subsidy to the British Admiralty, but in 1912 on his way to England Allen discussed the formation of a Pacific Naval Unit to be financed by the Pacific dominions. At the London meetings the expeditionary force that New Zealand should supply in time of war was considered, and Allen strongly favoured the creation of a New Zealand Division of the Royal Navy. Though this was opposed by the First Lord of the Admiralty, Winston Churchill, the passing of the Naval Defence Act 1913 brought the Division into existence. The Act was not, however, fully implemented until after the war. Allen's work ensured that New Zealand was ready at the outbreak of war. New Zealand troops captured German Samoa on 29 August 1914, while despite a delay of three weeks due to the lack of an adequate naval escort, the main body of the Expeditionary Force sailed on 16 October 1914.

When, after the indecisive election of 1914, the Reform and Liberal Parties formed a National Government in August 1915, Allen remained Minister of Defence. He was responsible for the War Pensions Act of 1915 which was improved in later years. A more difficult problem, however, was that of maintaining reinforcements for the Expeditionary Force. At first Allen was against conscription but in May 1916 he introduced the Military Service Bill to conscript by ballot men between 20 and 46. The Act was strongly criticised, particularly by the Labour Party, but Allen believed the system to be the fairest and most reliable method of obtaining the men required and winning the war. As a result, almost half the eligible male population of New Zealand was called up for foreign service, though of this number by far the greater were volunteers. In the last months of the war he drew up and introduced the legislation establishing the repatriation scheme for discharged servicemen. Allen frequently came under criticism because of his persistency and obstinacy, but his administration of the Defence Department was reviewed and praised by the Defence Expenditure Commission.

During the absence of Massey and Ward at the Imperial Conferences of 1917 and 1918 and at the Peace Conference in 1919, Allen was acting Prime Minister. For his war services he was in 1917 created K.C.B.

When the National Government was dissolved in August 1919, Allen assumed finance as well as defence. He was responsible for the measures under which New Zealand took over the League of Nations mandate for Western Samoa, while in 1920 he led the parliamentary delegation which visited New Zealand's island territories.

Allen resigned his seat early in 1920 when he was appointed High Commissioner for New Zealand in London, a position he was to fill with dignity for six years. During his two terms he represented New Zealand on many committees concerned with matters of common interest to the Empire. He was also New Zealand delegate to several conferences, the most important being the 1923 Imperial Economic Conference. As representative of the Dominion High Commissioners, he was a member of the British Empire Exhibition of 1924–25 Executive Committee. He regularly attended the Assembly of the League of Nations and took an active and prominent part in the work of several of the committees. He was created G.C.M.G. in 1926 for his work.

On his return to New Zealand he was in 1927 appointed to the Legislative Council and again took up an active public life. He was prominent in the establishment of the I.P.R. (New Zealand Branch), now the Royal Institute of International Affairs, and was for many years its president with a seat on the Pacific Council.

In 1938 Allen ceased to attend Parliament and retired into private life. He died in Dunedin on 28 July 1942.

Allen was a keen churchman and was a leading protagonist of the Bible in Schools movement. In 1914, though Minister of Education, he introduced a private measure which would have permitted Bible reading in State schools. It obtained strong Government support and aroused equally strong opposition. This resentment crystallised at the election and was one of the chief reasons for the Reform Party's failure to obtain a clear majority.

Allen married his cousin Mary Jane Hill Richards (died 1939) in 1877. There were three sons and three daughters, the best known being the Rev. Charles Richards Allen (1885– ) the blind author.

Allen was a man of high integrity with a stubborn sense of righteousness. He proved himself no mean administrator when he faced the problem of organising the Defence Department prior to and during the First World War. To his immediate staff he was a sympathetic chief but to others he was stern and reserved. Unfortunately his family life was marked by considerable strain and sorrow.

by James Oakley Wilson, D.S.C., M.COM., A.L.A., Chief Librarian, General Assembly Library, Wellington.

• Otago Daily Times, 29 Jul 1942 (Obit).

(c. 1833–46).

In the early months of 1846 Boulcott's Farm at Belmont, near Wellington, was the most advanced outpost of regular troops stationed in the Hutt Valley. It was garrisoned by 50 men of the 58th Regiment under Lieutenant G. H. Page. In spite of warnings by settlers and Maoris, including a hint from Te Rauparaha of an impending attack by Te Rangihaeata, the number of militia in the Hutt Valley was reduced to 25 men early in May.

The blow fell half an hour before dawn on 16 May 1846 when a Maori force of an estimated 200 men attacked the outpost, killing six troops and wounding four others before Lt. Page was able to rally his forces, who by their steady gunfire repulsed the marauders.

Amongst those killed was a young private, William Allen, who had his right arm severed from the shoulder by a tomahawk blow when he was courageously attempting to raise the alarm by a bugle call. Allen then grasped the bugle with his left hand and, while still endeavouring to sound the alarm, was struck down and killed. On the following day, together with the others slain in the attack, Allen was buried at Boulcott's Farm. Later, Governor Grey in a dispatch reported that “the men composing the guard were effectually surprised and slain after having given proofs of great personal gallantry”.

by John Sidney Gully, M.A., DIP.N.Z.L.S., Assistant Chief Librarian, General Assembly Library, Wellington.

• Evening Post, 11 Aug, 4 Oct 1921.

(1882–1957).

Teacher and botanist.

A new biography of Allan, Harry Howard Barton appears in the Dictionary of New Zealand Biography on this site.

Harry Howard Barton Allan was the fourth son and youngest of the six children of Robert Allan, draper, and of Emma Maria, née Lewis. He was born on 27 April 1882 at Nelson and attended the Nelson Central School under F. G. Gibbs. He entered Nelson College with a town scholarship and there won prizes for literature and athletics and completed a section of his B.A. He went next as a teacher to the West Coast mining town of Denniston and from there to King's College, Auckland, where he continued his university studies, graduating M.A. in 1908. He also taught at Napier, was English master at Waitaki Boys' High School (1915–17), agriculture master at Ashburton High School (1918–22), and English master at Feilding Agricultural High School (1923–27). As a teacher of English he was eminently successful and his classes in agricultural botany at Waitaki were probably the first of their kind. In 1908 he married Louise, daughter of John Arnold, farmer, of Korere.

Botanical research work began about 1917 with a study of the vegetation of Mount Peel, Canterbury, with direct encouragement from Leonard Cockayne, and this led to a D.Sc. in 1923. For the next 10 years he collaborated with Cockayne in important botanical papers, and published much detailed evidence of hybridism in New Zealand plants in the wild, and receiving, in 1927, a grant from the Royal Society of London for field studies of hybrids in many parts of New Zealand. In 1928, having resigned from teaching, he was appointed Systematic Botanist to the Plant Research Station at Palmerston North, later to transfer to Wellington under D.S.I.R. in 1937, and to become first Director of its Botany Division until his retirement in 1948. Work then began immediately on a new Flora to replace the Manual of the New Zealand Flora of T. F. Cheeseman, of which the second edition had appeared in 1925. New Zealand collections in British herbaria had been studied in 1930 during a visit sponsored in part by the Empire Marketing Board. A further period of study at Kew followed in 1950, in conjunction with attendance at the Seventh International Botanical Congress at Stockholm as a Vice-President of Section PHG. The greater part of Vol. 1 of the Flora, including all indigenous vascular plants, except the monocotyledons, was completed before Allan's death in Wellington on 29 October 1957.

A long connection with the Royal Society of New Zealand was marked by a fellowship in 1928, the Hutton Memorial Medal in 1941, and the Hector Memorial Medal and Prize in 1942. He held the office of president in 1943–45. He became F.L.S. in 1917 and in 1949 was created C.B.E. He was also corresponding member of the Swedish Phytogeographical Society and foreign member of the Royal Society of Sciences and Letters of Gothenburg. At the celebration of the two hundred and fiftieth anniversary of the birth of Linnaeus in 1957, he was one of 12 eminent foreign biologists to receive the honorary degree of Doctor of Philosophy and Master of Arts from the University of Uppsala. His published works include, beside Flora of New Zealand, Volume 1 (1961), New Zealand Trees and Shrubs and How to Identify Them (1928), An Introduction to the Grasses of New Zealand (1936), A Handbook of the Naturalized Flora of New Zealand (1940), and more than 100 botanical papers.

Allan's formal training in botany was limited to a few greatly appreciated lectures from A. P. W. Thomas in Auckland. He learned much in the company of his schoolboy pupils in classroom and garden, but Leonard Cockayne he acknowledged as his real master. A good listener, an acute observer, and an avid reader, he took his practical courses on the plains, the hills, and the mountains with, as teachers, not only Cockayne, but also such visiting botanists as Lotsy, of Holland, Hill, of Kew, Du Rietz, of Uppsala, and Sledge, of Leeds. He also accumulated for himself a comprehensive botanical library, now incorporated in that of Botany Division, D.S.I.R.

Allan's contributions to New Zealand botany fall into three parts: (1) The Cockayne period of studies in ecology and hybridism, and especially the experimental proof in Coprosma and Rubus of the origin of typical hybrid swarms. (2) The D.S.I.R. period, building up the Botany Division and defining its functions as a research unit, with special responsibility for plant identification services based on large library and herbarium resources; recruiting and unobtrusively training staff; much travelling and examination of the flora and vegetation of all parts of the country; initiation of research projects on diverse topics, e.g., weeds; poisonous, drug, and fresh-water plants, and marine algae; ecology of tussock grasslands; breeding systems and population genetics of New Zealand grasses; cytological survey of New Zealand indigenous plants; pollen grains and spores and the organic deposits in which they are preserved; and, as a personal spare time interest, New Zealand lichens. (3) The Flora period. “The compilation of a concise, convenient, and eminently satisfactory Flora is a remarkable tribute to Allan's industry and his critical botanical sense.” The inclusion of discussions, suggestions, and a mine of information on specimens and literature of importance for further research is commented upon by most authorities, and in this respect the book is regarded as “surely outstanding amongst the Floras of the world and a fitting memorial to a great taxonomist”. It was a characteristic of this quiet man that he not only added significantly to botanical knowledge himself, but also excelled in opening up avenues of research for others.

by Lucy Beatrice Moore, M.SC., Botany Division, Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, Lincoln.

• Proceedings of the Royal Society of New Zealand, Vol. 87 (1959) (Obit. with bibliography)
• D.S.I.R. Botany Division Triennial Report, 1957–59 (1960)
• Flora of New Zealand, Vol. 1 Allan, H. H. (1961).

One of the highest honours that a New Zealand sportsman can receive is to represent his country both at rugby and at cricket. The following is the list of double All Blacks who have represented New Zealand in these games:

by Alexander Hare McLintock, C.B.E., M.A., DIP.ED. (N.Z.), PH.D.(LOND.), Parliamentary Historian, Wellington.

When the 1905 tour of Britain began on 16 September, the players were referred to as the New Zealand Football Team or, more simply, the New Zealanders, though occasionally terms such as “Maorilanders” and “Colonials” did service. When, however, the Hartlepool game of 11 October was reported in the Daily Mail by Buttery, there appears for the first time a reference to “All Black” play and its complement, “All Black Cameraderie”. From then on the new name gradually won acceptance, so much so that by early November, following the match with Surrey (1 November), the Daily Mail made direct mention of the All Black team “that everybody is talking about”.

It is also interesting to note that on 15 November 1905 the term “Blacks” had even appeared in the pages of Punch which printed a number of stanzas dealing with the shortcomings of Seddon, the last running as follows:

Can it be your head is turned
By your team of Rugby “Blacks”?
Has the glory they have earned
Set you trotting in their tracks?
Well, it's not mere weight and gristle,
You must also play the game,
Or the referee may whistle
And you'll have yourself to blame
If you get a free kick where you don't expect the same.

Although the new name “caught on” so quickly in Britain, its acceptance in New Zealand was much slower. Seddon, for instance, with that political opportunism which both irritated and amused his opponents, followed up each victory with congratulatory cablegrams addressed to “the colony's football team” (mid-October) or “the New Zealand football team” (4 December). The newspapers were equally tardy in adopting the term but by 21 November the New Zealand Herald referred to the “Triumphal March of the Blacks”. A few weeks later (6 December) it headed a column “ ‘All Black’ Gossip”; editorially, however, it always used the more formal term, “New Zealand Footballers”. Thus on 5 March 1906, the day of the team's arrival at Auckland, the Herald editorially acclaimed the “New Zealand Footballers”, but on the following day it headed its report of the official function of welcome with a bold double-column caption “Return of the All Blacks”. Meanwhile, throughout the country special shop window displays and feature advertisements “to mark the return of the All Blacks” suddenly appeared. The “All Blacks” had indeed arrived.

At some point between 1897 and 1901 there was a vital change, concerning which the records of the New Zealand Rugby Union are silent. But by 1901 the New Zealand team to meet New South Wales wore a black jersey (canvas top, no collar), silver fern (now neater and smaller), and black shorts and stockings. The “All Blacks” had arrived in fact, if not in name.