Story summary
The first Māori voters
When New Zealand held its first general election in 1853, only men who owned or leased land of a certain value were eligible to vote. Few Māori met the requirements, and no Māori were elected.
In 1867 four new electorates were created specifically for Māori, who were able to vote in these electorates only. Likewise, Māori candidates could stand only in Māori electorates, unless they had one non-Māori parent. In that case they could stand in either a Māori or a general electorate.
A new party system
All Māori MPs were independents until the 1890s, when New Zealand’s first organised political party was formed – the Liberal Party. It attracted support from a number of prominent Māori MPs, including James Carroll and Apirana Ngata.
The more conservative Reform Party, which formally came into being in 1909, gained support from Māori politicians such as Māui Pōmare.
Māori political parties emerge
In the 20th century several independent Māori political parties were formed. Rātana began as a religious movement, but soon became deeply involved in politics. It was concerned with Māori poverty and landlessness and gained widespread Māori support. In 1936 it allied with the Labour Party.
In 1967 a law change allowed Māori to stand in general electorates, and in 1975 Māori voters gained the choice of enrolling on either the Māori roll or the general roll.
Matiu Rata formed the Mana Motuhake Party in 1980. It later joined the Alliance Party and had several MPs elected.
More changes
The MMP proportional electoral system was introduced in 1996. At the same time the number of Māori electorates was increased slightly, rising to seven by 2002. With these changes, Māori political parties gained more opportunities for representation.
Māori grievances over the erosion of customary rights to the foreshore and seabed sparked the formation of the Māori Party (later Te Pāti Māori), led by Tariana Turia and Pita Sharples. It won four of the Māori electorates in 2005, five in 2008 and three in 2011, and two seats (one electorate and one list) in 2014. No Te Pāti Māori MPs were returned at the 2017 election, when all the Māori electorates were won by Labour. Te Pāti Māori won one of them back in 2020, when it also earned a list MP.
