Skip to main content
Search
Search
Change language
English
Māori
Menu
Stories A–Z
Te Reo Māori
Biographies
Topics
Sitemap
Browse the Encyclopedia
Stories A-Z
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
R
S
T
U
V
W
Y
Z
Te Reo Māori
A
H
K
M
N
Ng
O
P
R
T
W
Biographies
Topics
Alcohol and drugs
Alcohol
Drugs
Liquor laws
Māori smoking, alcohol and drugs – tūpeka, waipiro me te tarukino
Smoking
Sports medicine and drugs
Arts
Actors and acting
Art galleries and collections
Arts and social engagement
Arts and the nation
Arts education and training
Arts festivals
Arts funding and support
Ballet
Brass and pipe bands
Cartooning
Children's and young adult literature
Choral music and choirs
Classical musicians
Comics and graphic novels
Composers
Contemporary Māori art – ngā toi hōu
Contemporary dance
Crafts and applied arts
Creative and intellectual expatriates
Creative life
Cultural dance
Documentary film
Experimental film
Feature film
Fiction
Folk, country and blues music
Hip hop
Jazz and dance bands
Kapa haka – Māori performing arts
Media art
Māori and museums – ngā whare taonga
Māori composers – ngā kaitito waiata
Māori fiction – ngā tuhinga paki
Māori musical instruments – taonga puoro
Māori non-fiction and scholarship – ngā tuhinga me te rangahau
Māori rock art – ngā toi ana
Māori theatre – te whare tapere hōu
Māori weaving and tukutuku – te raranga me te whatu
New Zealand culture overseas
Non-fiction
Opera and musical theatre
Orchestras
Pacific arts in New Zealand
Painting
Photography
Plays and playwrights
Poetry
Popular music
Post-object and conceptual art
Public and street art
Publishing
Regional cultural life
Screen industry
Sculpture and installation art
Theatre companies and producers
Theatre design
Translation and interpreting – te whakamāori ā-tuhi, ā-waha hoki
Waiata hōu – contemporary Māori songs
Waiata tawhito – traditional Māori songs
Whakairo – Māori carving
Young people and the arts
Birds
Albatrosses
Bird migration
Birds of mountains and open country
Birds of prey
Birdwatching
Duck shooting
Extinctions
Game birds
Gannets and boobies
Gulls, terns and skuas
Herons
Introduced land birds
Kiwi
Land birds – overview
Large forest birds
Moa
Ngā manu – birds
Penguins
Petrels
Seabirds – overview
Shags
Small forest birds
Te tāhere manu – bird catching
Threatened species
Tītī − muttonbirding
Wading birds
Wetland birds
Building, housing and architecture
Building and construction industry
Building materials
Building trades
Domestic architecture
Farm buildings
Hotels and motels
Housing and government
Housing
Inner-city living
Landscape architecture
Māori architecture – whare Māori
Māori housing – te noho whare
Public buildings
Public, commercial and church architecture
Suburbs
Theatres, cinemas and halls
Children and youth
Adoption
Child and youth health
Childhood
Children and sport
Children's and young adult literature
Children’s homes and fostering
City children and youth
Early childhood education and care
Māori education – mātauranga
Ngā tamariki – Māori childhoods
Primary and secondary education
Private education
Teenagers and youth
Young people and the arts
Youth offenders
Youth organisations
Climate and weather
Atmosphere
Climate change
Climate
Light
Natural environment
Tāwhirimātea – the weather
Weather forecasting
Weather
Clothing, fashion and appearance
Beauty contests
Body shape and dieting
City styles
Clothes
Clothing and footwear manufacturing
Fashion and textile design
Knowledge-based industries
Māori clothing and adornment – kākahu Māori
Māori weaving and tukutuku – te raranga me te whatu
Personal grooming
Rural clothing
Sewing, knitting and textile crafts
Tā moko – Māori tattooing
Conservation
Conservation – a history
Economy and the environment
Extinctions
Farming and the environment
Hot springs, mud pools and geysers
Human effects on the environment
Introduced animal pests
Kaitiakitanga – guardianship and conservation
Marine conservation
Marine invaders
National parks
Protected areas
Sewage, water and waste
Soil erosion and conservation
Threatened species
Water quality
Water resources
Weeds of the bush
Crime
Child abuse
Crime and the media
Domestic violence
Gangs
Judicial system
Police
Prisoner support and advocacy
Prisons
Property crime
Security and personal safety
Victims of crime
Violent crime
Youth offenders
Dance
Ballet
Contemporary dance
Cultural dance
Dancing
Hip hop
Jazz and dance bands
Kapa haka – Māori performing arts
Nightclubs
Design
Domestic architecture
Furniture
Graphic design
Home décor and furnishings
Industrial design
Landscape architecture
Māori architecture – whare Māori
Public, commercial and church architecture
Theatre design
Disasters and hazards
Active faults
Air crashes
Castaways
Coastal erosion
Earthquakes
Fires and fire services
Floods
Historic earthquakes
Historic volcanic activity
Landslides
Natural hazards – overview
Railway accidents
Road accidents
Search and rescue
Shipwrecks
Tsunamis
Volcanoes
Economy
Accountancy
Advertising
Apples and pears
Aquaculture
Arts funding and support
Aviation
Balance of payments
Banking and finance
Beef farming
Building and construction industry
Building materials
Building trades
Business cycles
Business failures and corporate fraud
Clothing and footwear manufacturing
Coal and coal mining
Coins and banknotes
Customs and tariffs
Dairying and dairy products
Deer and deer farming
Department stores and shopping malls
Economic history
Economic thought
Economy and the environment
Economy
Energy supply and use
Engineering
Engineering on the sea floor
Factory industries
Farmer and grower organisations
Farming in the economy
Fertiliser industry
Fishing industry
Food and beverage manufacturing
Food shops
Goats and goat farming
Gold and gold mining
Government and industrial development
Hydroelectricity
Income and wealth distribution
Industrial sectors
Insurance
International economic relations
Inventions, patents and trademarks
Investment
Kauri gum and gum digging
Knowledge-based industries
Large companies
Law and the economy
Logging native forests
Manufacturing – an overview
Marine minerals
Market gardens and production nurseries
Markets
Mining and underground resources
Mātauranga hangarau – information technology
National income and GDP
Ngā haumi a iwi – Māori investment
Ngā umanga – Māori businesses enterprise
Oil and gas
Overseas trade policy
Pigs and the pork industry
Ports and harbours
Poultry industry
Prices and inflation
Pulp and paper, aluminium and steel industries
Real estate
Regional economy
Reserve Bank
Rock, limestone and clay
Rural tourism
Rural workers
Salt
Sealing
Second-hand trade
Sheep farming
Shipping
Shops
South Pacific economic relationships
Spending in the economy
Stock and station agencies
Stock market
Taxes
Te Māori i te ohanga – Māori in the economy
Te mahi kai – food production economics
Te ohanga onamata o ngā rohe – economic regions
Te tāpoi – Māori tourism
Telecommunications
Tourist industry
Treasury
Viticulture
Whaling
Wind and solar power
Workshop industries
Education and training
Agricultural education
Apprenticeships and trade training
Arts education and training
Country schooling
Early childhood education and care
Government and sport
Māori education – mātauranga
Primary and secondary education
Private education
Tertiary education
Education and training
Agricultural education
Apprenticeships and trade training
Arts education and training
Country schooling
Early childhood education and care
Government and sport
Māori education – mātauranga
Primary and secondary education
Private education
Tertiary education
Energy
Coal and coal mining
Energy supply and use
Geothermal energy
Hydroelectricity
Oil and gas
Wind and solar power
Ethnicity and culture
Biculturalism
Cultural go-betweens
Ethnic and religious intolerance
Ethnic inequalities
European ideas about Māori
Intermarriage
Māori-Pākehā relations
Pacific arts in New Zealand
Exploration
Canoe navigation
Canoe traditions
Caving
Charting the sea floor
Early mapping
European discovery of New Zealand
European exploration
French
Geological exploration
History of immigration
Modern mapping and surveying
Mountaineering
Ngā waewae tapu – Māori exploration
Pacific migrations
Place names
Soil investigation
Tapa whenua – naming places
When was New Zealand first settled?
Families and households
Adoption
Communes and communities
Daily life in Māori communities – te noho a te hapori
Diverse families
Families: a history
Family welfare
Farm families
Genealogy
Household management
Rhythms of daily life
Whakapapa – genealogy
Whānau – Māori and family
Whāngai – customary fostering and adoption
Farming
Ahuwhenua - Maori land and agriculture
Arable farming
Beef farming
Dairying and dairy products
Deer and deer farming
Diseases of sheep, cattle and deer
Exotic farm animals
Farm buildings
Farm dogs
Farm families
Farm fencing
Farm mechanisation
Farmer and grower organisations
Farming and the environment
Farming in the economy
Fertiliser industry
Fire and agriculture
Goats and goat farming
Government and agriculture
Organic farming
Pastures
Pigs and the pork industry
Poultry industry
Rural clothing
Rural language
Rural services
Rural workers
Shearing
Sheep farming
Shelter on farms
Shows and field days
Stock and station agencies
Trees in the rural landscape
Weeds of agriculture
Film and television
Documentary film
Experimental film
Feature film
Māori and television – whakaata
Screen industry
Television
Fish
Coarse fish
Coastal fish
Deep-sea creatures
Eels
Fishing industry
Freshwater fish
Freshwater fishing
Life in fresh water
Marine conservation
Oceanic fish
Recreational sea fishing
Sharks and rays
Te hopu tuna – eeling
Te hī ika – Māori fishing
Trout and salmon
Whitebait and whitebaiting
Food and food production
Apples and pears
Arable farming
Beef farming
Beekeeping
Citrus, berries, exotic fruit and nuts
Cooking
Dairying and dairy products
Deer and deer farming
Eating
Food and beverage manufacturing
Food
Food shops
Goats and goat farming
Kai Pākehā - introduced foods
Kiwifruit
Kūmara
Meat and wool
Mushrooms and other cultivated fungi
Māori feasts and ceremonial eating – hākari
Māori foods – kai Māori
Mātaitai – shellfish gathering
Ngā tupu mai i Hawaiki – plants from Polynesia
Organic farming
Picnics and barbecues
Pigs and the pork industry
Poultry industry
Restaurants and food outlets
Sheep farming
Stone fruit and the summerfruit industry
Te hopu tuna - eeling
Te hī ika - fishing
Te tāhere manu - bird catching
Tea, coffee and soft drinks
Viticulture
Gender
Domestic violence
Gay men's lives
Gender and sport
Gender diversity
Gender inequalities
Hōkakatanga – Māori sexualities
Lesbian lives
Men and women in the city
Men's clubs
Men's health
Te mana o te wāhine – Māori women
Women and men
Women's health
Women's labour organisations
Women's movement
Women's networks and clubs
Geography
Coastal shoreline
Dune lands
Early mapping
Ecoregions
Estuaries
Fiords
Geomorphology – a history
Glaciers and glaciation
Hot springs, mud pools and geysers
Lakes
Landscapes – overview
Limestone country
Modern mapping and surveying
Mountains
Natural environment
Nearshore islands
Papatūānuku – the land
Perceptions of the landscape
Rivers
Soils
Waterfalls
Wetlands
Whenua – how the land was shaped
Geology and mining
Active faults
Building stone
Coal and coal mining
Earthquakes
Fossils
Gemstones
Geological exploration
Geology – overview
Geomorphology – a history
Glaciers and glaciation
Gold and gold mining
Iron and steel
Kōhatu – Māori use of stone
Landscapes – overview
Landslides
Limestone country
Magnetic field
Marine minerals
Meteorites
Mining and underground resources
Natural hazards – overview
Oil and gas
Oneone – soils
Pounamu – jade or greenstone
Radioactive minerals
Rock and mineral names
Rock, limestone and clay
Salt
Sea floor geology
Soil erosion and conservation
Soil investigation
Soils and regional land use
Soils
Volcanoes
Whenua – how the land was shaped
Government institutions
Archives
Arts funding and support
Cabinet government
Colonial and provincial government
Commissions of inquiry
Constitution
Crown entities
Governors and governors general
Intelligence services
Libraries
Local and regional government
Nation and government
Ngā whakataunga tiriti – Treaty of Waitangi settlement process
Ombudsmen and officers of Parliament
Parliament
Premiers and prime ministers
Public service
Research institutions
Reserve Bank
Self-government and independence
State services and the State Services Commission
State-owned enterprises
Te Kōti Whenua – Māori Land Court
Terrorism and counter-terrorism
Treasury
Waitangi Tribunal – Te Rōpū Whakamana
Government policy
Arts funding and support
Balance of payments
Biosecurity
Censorship
Citizenship
Customs and tariffs
Economy and the environment
Family welfare
Government and agriculture
Government and industrial development
Government and sport
Housing and government
Immigration regulation
Intellectual property law
Kāwanatanga – Māori engagement with the state
National income and GDP
Ngā take Māori – government policy and Māori
Ngā whakataunga tiriti – Treaty of Waitangi settlement process
Overseas trade policy
Prices and inflation
Principles of the Treaty of Waitangi – ngā mātāpono o te tiriti
Refugees
South Pacific economic relations
Taxes
Health
Abortion
Care and carers
Child and youth health
Contraception and sterilisation
Dental care
Disability and disability organisations
Epidemics
Gyms
Health advocacy and self-help
Health and society
Health practitioners
Hospitals
Medicines and remedies
Men's health
Mental health services
Pacific Island health
Plant extracts
Pregnancy, birth and baby care
Primary health care
Public health
Rongoā – medicinal use of plants
Sexual health
Sports medicine and drugs
Suicide
Te hauora Māori i mua – history of Māori health
Te whānau tamariki – pregnancy and birth
Washing, cleaning and personal hygiene
Women's health
Yoga, Pilates and other exercise systems
History
Archives
Asian conflicts
Bush trams and other log transport
Canoe navigation
Canoe traditions
Castaways
Citizenship
City history and people
City planning
Classical and foreign-language studies
Coaches and long-distance buses
Coal and coal mining
Cold War
Colonial and provincial government
Conservation – a history
Early mapping
Economic history
European discovery of New Zealand
European discovery of plants and animals
European exploration
Families: a history
First World War
First peoples in Māori tradition
Fishing industry
Floods
Genealogy and family history
Geological exploration
Geomorphology – a history
Gold and gold mining
Government and nation
Hawaiki
He Whakaputanga - Declaration of Independence
Historic earthquakes
Historic places
Historic volcanic activity
History and historians
History
History of immigration
Ideas of Māori origins
Immigration regulation
Kauri gum and gum digging
Kotahitanga – unity movements
Libraries
Museums
Musket wars
Māori and museums – ngā whare taonga
Māori
Māori overseas
New Zealand wars
Ngā pakanga ki tāwāhi – Māori and overseas wars
Ngā waewae tapu – Māori exploration
Pacific migrations
Perceptions of the landscape
Public history
Religion and society
Riri – traditional Māori warfare
Seafarers
Sealing
Second World War
Self-government and independence
Shipwrecks
Soil investigation
South African War
Te hauora Māori i mua – history of Māori health
The New Zealanders
The voyage out
Timekeeping
Treaty of Waitangi
Urban Māori
Whaling
When was New Zealand first settled?
Women and men
Hunting and fishing
Duck shooting
Fishing industry
Freshwater fishing
Hunting
Mātaitai – shellfish gathering
Recreational sea fishing
Sealing
Te hopu tuna – eeling
Te hī ika – Māori fishing
Te tāhere manu – bird catching
Tītī – muttonbirding
Whaling
IT and communications
Arcade, computer and video games
Digital media and the internet
Mail and couriers
Media art
Mātauranga hangarau – information technology
Postage stamps
Telecommunications
Immigrant groups
Australians
Cambodians
Central and South-eastern Europeans
Chinese
Cook Islanders
Dalmatians
Dutch
English
Fijians
Filipinos
French
Germans
Greeks – the Hellenic community
Hungarians
Indians
Indonesians
Irish
Italians
Japanese
Jews
Kiwis overseas
Koreans
Laotians
Latin Americans
Malaysians and Singaporeans
Middle Eastern peoples
Migrant and refugee organisations
Niueans
North Americans
Other Western Europeans
Poles
Russians, Ukrainians and Baltic peoples
Samoans
Scandinavians
Scots
South Africans
South Pacific peoples
Sri Lankans
Swiss
Thais
Tokelauans
Tongans
Vietnamese
Welsh
Insects and spiders
Ants
Beekeeping
Beetles
Butterflies and moths
Cicadas
Glow-worms
Insect pests of crops, pasture and forestry
Insects – overview
Sandflies and mosquitoes
Spiders and other arachnids
Stick insects
Te aitanga pepeke – the insect world
Wasps and bees
Wētā
International relations
Africa and New Zealand
Antarctica and New Zealand
Asia and New Zealand
Asian conflicts
Australia and New Zealand
Britain, Europe and New Zealand
Cold War
Colonial and provincial government
Creative and intellectual expatriates
Development assistance and humanitarian aid
Empire and Commonwealth
Exhibitions and world's fairs
First World War
Foreign policy and diplomatic representation
Government and sport
Immigration regulation
International economic relations
Latin America and New Zealand
Multilateral organisations
Māori overseas
New Zealand culture overseas
Ngā pakanga ki tāwāhi – Māori and overseas wars
Overseas trade policy
Pacific Islands and New Zealand
Peacekeeping
Refugees
Royal family
Second World War
South African War
South Pacific economic relations
Terrorism and counter-terrorism
United States and New Zealand
Visitors' opinions about New Zealand
Invertebrates
Ants
Beetles
Butterflies and moths
Cicadas
Corals, anemones and jellyfish
Crabs, crayfish and other crustaceans
Glow-worms
Insect pests of crops, pasture and forestry
Insects – overview
Marine animals without backbones
Octopus and squid
Peripatus
Plankton
Sandflies and mosquitoes
Shellfish
Snails and slugs
Spiders and other arachnids
Starfish, sea urchins and other echinoderms
Stick insects
Te aitanga pepeke – the insect world
Wasps and bees
Wētā
Language
City styles
Classical and foreign-language studies
English language in New Zealand
Kōrero taiao - sayings from nature
Linguistics
Rural language
Speech and accent
Te reo Māori – the Māori language
Translation and interpreting – te whakamāori ā-tuhi, ā-waha hoki
Law
Constitution
Human rights
Intellectual property law
Judicial system
Law and the economy
Law
Law of the foreshore and seabed
Law of the sea
Liquor laws
Police
Prisons
Te Kōti Whenua – Māori Land Court
Te ture – Māori and legislation
Life stages
Childhood
Children and sport
Death and dying
Kaumātua – Māori elders
Midlife adults
Ngā mātua – Māori parenting
Ngā tamariki – Māori childhoods
Older people
Parenting
Pregnancy, birth and baby care
Tangihanga – death customs
Te whānau tamariki – pregnancy and birth
Teenagers and youth
Veterans and masters sport
Literature and publishing
Children's and young adult literature
Comics and graphic novels
Fiction
Kōrero taiao - sayings from nature
Magazines and periodicals
Māori fiction – ngā tuhinga paki
Māori newspapers and magazines – ngā niupepa me ngā moheni
Māori non-fiction and scholarship – ngā tuhinga me te rangahau
Newspapers
Non-fiction
Plays and playwrights
Poetry
Publishing
Translation and interpreting – te whakamāori ā-tuhi, ā-waha hoki
Mammals
Bats
Dolphins
Farm dogs
Horses
Hōiho – horses and iwi
Kiore – Pacific rats
Kurī – Polynesian dogs
Orcas
Pets
Possums
Rabbits
Seals
Te whānau puha – whales
Whales
Media
Advertising
Cartooning
Crime and the media
Digital media and the internet
Magazines and periodicals
Media and politics
Māori and television – whakaata
Māori newspapers and magazines – ngā niupepa me ngā moheni
Māori radio – reo irirangi
Newspapers
Radio
Rural media
Screen industry
Sports reporting and commentating
Military
Armed forces
Brass and pipe bands
Civil defence
Military and sport
Military medals
Veterans' assistance
Music
Brass and pipe bands
Choral music and choirs
Classical musicians
Composers
Folk, country and blues music
Jazz and dance bands
Kapa haka – Māori performing arts
Māori composers – ngā kaitito waiata
Māori musical instruments – taonga puoro
Māori radio – reo irirangi
National anthems
Opera and musical theatre
Orchestras
Popular music
Radio
Recording companies and studios
Waiata hōu – contemporary Māori songs
Waiata tawhito – traditional Māori songs
Māori and Pākehā encounters
Astronomy - the first astonomers
Biography of James Cook
Biography of Tupaia
Canoe navigation
Canoe traditions
Early mappers: 1642-1800
East Coast places - Tolaga Bay
East Coast places - Whāngārā to Kaiti
East Coast region - Māori settlement
European discovery of New Zealand
European discovery of plants and animals
European impact on Māori, 1769 to 1869
Hauraki tribes - Te Arawa peoples
Hauraki-Coromandel places - Mercury Bay
Hauraki-Coromandel region - Māori and European: 1769 to 1840
Hauraki-Coromandel region - Māori migration and settlement
History of immigration
Ideas of Māori origins
Marlborough places - outer Sounds
Marlborough region - early Europeans
Marlborough region - early Māori history
Māori and maps of colonisation
Māori education - mātauranga - education in traditional Māori society
Māori-Pākehā relations
New Zealand’s special national holidays
Northand places - Bay of Islands
Northland region - First Māori-European encounters
Northland region - First inhabitants: Māori
Pacific migrations
Peoples
Perceptions of the landscape - the 18th century
Place names
Refugees
Shipbuilding - the wooden era
Te Tau Ihu tribes - coming of the Pākehā
The New Zealanders
The origins of nationhood
The voyage out
Treaty of Waitangi
Tūranganui-a-Kiwa tribes - contacts and conflicts
Visitors’ opinions about New Zealand - Early visitors, 1769-1860
Māori and government
He Whakaputanga – Declaration of Independence
Kotahitanga – unity movements
Kāwanatanga – Māori engagement with the state
Māori and museums – ngā whare taonga
New Zealand wars
Ngā māngai – Māori representation
Ngā pakanga ki tāwāhi – Māori and overseas wars
Ngā rōpū tautohetohe – Māori protest movements
Ngā take Māori – government policy and Māori
Ngā whakataunga tiriti – Treaty of Waitangi settlement process
Principles of the Treaty of Waitangi – ngā mātāpono o te tiriti
Te Kōti Whenua – Māori Land Court
Te ture – Māori and legislation
Treaty of Waitangi
Tōrangapū – Māori and political parties
Waitangi Tribunal – Te Rōpū Whakamana
Māori iwi (tribes)
Canoe traditions
Hauraki tribes
Marutūahu tribes
Moriori
Muaūpoko
Muriwhenua tribes
Māori overseas
Ngā Rauru Kītahi
Ngāi Tahu
Ngāi Tūhoe
Ngāpuhi
Ngāti Apa
Ngāti Awa
Ngāti Kahungunu
Ngāti Maniapoto
Ngāti Porou
Ngāti Raukawa
Ngāti Rongomaiwahine
Ngāti Ruanui
Ngāti Toarangatira
Ngāti Tūwharetoa
Ngāti Whātua
Pacific migrations
Rangitāne
Taranaki
Tauranga Moana tribes
Te Arawa
Te Tau Ihu tribes
Te Whakatōhea
Te Whānau-ā-Apanui
Te Āti Awa of Taranaki
Te Āti Awa of Wellington
Tribal organisations
Tāmaki tribes
Tūranganui-a-Kiwa tribes
Urban Māori
Waikato tribes
Whanganui tribes
Whāngārei tribes
Māori life and traditions
Ahuwhenua – Māori land and agriculture
Canoe navigation
Canoe traditions
Contemporary Māori art – ngā toi hōu
Cultural go-betweens
Daily life in Māori communities – te noho a te hapori
First peoples in Māori tradition
Hawaiki
Hōiho – horses and iwi
Hōkakatanga – Māori sexualities
Ideas of Māori origins
Kai Pākehā – introduced foods
Kaitiakitanga – guardianship and conservation
Kapa haka – Māori performing arts
Kaumātua – Māori elders
Kites and manu tukutuku
Kōhatu – Māori use of stone
Kōrero taiao – sayings from nature
Kūmara
Leisure in traditional Māori society – ngā mahi a te rēhia
Marae management – te whakahaere marae
Marae protocol – te kawa o te marae
Maramataka
Matariki – Māori New Year
Mau rākau – Māori use of weaponry
Māori and museums – ngā whare taonga
Māori and sport – hākinakina
Māori and television – whakaata
Māori architecture – whare Māori
Māori clothing and adornment – kākahu Māori
Māori composers – ngā kaitito waiata
Māori creation traditions
Māori education – mātauranga
Māori feasts and ceremonial eating – hākari
Māori fiction – ngā tuhinga paki
Māori foods – kai Māori
Māori housing – te noho whare
Māori humour – te whakakata
Māori manners and social behaviour – ngā mahi tika
Māori
Māori musical instruments – taonga puoro
Māori newspapers and magazines – ngā niupepa me ngā moheni
Māori non-fiction and scholarship – ngā tuhinga me te rangahau
Māori overseas
Māori prophetic movements – ngā poropiti
Māori radio – reo irirangi
Māori rock art – ngā toi ana
Māori rugby – whutupaoro
Māori smoking, alcohol and drugs – tūpeka, waipiro me te tarukino
Māori studies – ngā tari Māori
Māori theatre – te whare tapere hōu
Māori weaving and tukutuku – te raranga me te whatu
Māori–Pākehā relations
Mātaitai – shellfish gathering
Mātauranga hangarau – information technology
Ngā haki – Māori and flags
Ngā haumi a iwi – Māori investment
Ngā hāhi – Māori and Christian denominations
Ngā manu – birds
Ngā māngai – Māori representation
Ngā mātua – Māori parenting
Ngā rōpū – Māori organisations
Ngā tamariki – Māori childhoods
Ngā tuakiri hōu – new Māori identities
Ngā tupu mai i Hawaiki – plants from Polynesia
Ngā tāone nui – Māori and the city
Ngā umanga – Māori business enterprise
Ngā uniana – Māori and the union movement
Ngā waewae tapu – Māori exploration
Ngārara – reptiles
Oneone – soils
Pacific migrations
Papatūānuku – the land
Patupaiarehe
Pounamu – jade or greenstone
Ranginui – the sky
Riri – traditional Māori warfare
Rongoā – medicinal use of plants
Rātana Church – Te Haahi Rātana
Take whenua – Māori land tenure
Tangaroa – the sea
Tangihanga – death customs
Taniwha
Tapa whenua – naming places
Taupori Māori – Māori population change
Te Ao Mārama – the natural world
Te Māori i te ohanga – Māori in the economy
Te Waonui a Tāne – forest mythology
Te aitanga pepeke – the insect world
Te hauora Māori i mua – history of Māori health
Te hopu tuna – eeling
Te hī ika – Māori fishing
Te mahi kai – food production economics
Te mana o te wāhine – Māori women
Te ngahere – forest lore
Te ohanga onamata a rohe – economic regions
Te reo Māori – the Māori language
Te rāngai mahi – Māori in the workforce
Te tango whenua – Māori land alienation
Te tāhere manu – bird catching
Te tāpoi – Māori tourism
Te whānau puha – whales
Te whānau tamariki – pregnancy and birth
Traditional Māori games – ngā tākaro
Traditional Māori religion – ngā karakia a te Māori
Translation and interpreting – te whakamāori ā-tuhi, ā-waha hoki
Tribal organisation
Tā moko – Māori tattooing
Tāwhirimātea – the weather
Tītī − muttonbirding
Tūranga i te hapori – status in Māori society
Urban Māori
Waiata hōu – contemporary Māori songs
Waiata tawhito – traditional Māori songs
Waka – canoes
Whakairo – Māori carving
Whakapapa – genealogy
When was New Zealand first settled?
Whenua – how the land was shaped
Whānau – Māori and family
Whāngai – customary fostering and adoption
National identity
Arts and the nation
Capital city
Coat of arms
Coins and banknotes
Creative and intellectual expatriates
Exhibitions and world's fairs
Flags
Memorials and monuments
Nation and government
National anthem
New Zealand culture overseas
New Zealand identity
Ngā haki – Māori and flags
Perceptions of the landscape
Postage stamps
Public buildings
Public holidays
Royal family
Royal honours system
Rural mythologies
Sport and society
Sport and the nation
The New Zealand bush
The New Zealanders
Treaty of Waitangi
Visitors’ opinions about New Zealand
Natural habitats
Coastal shoreline
Conifer–broadleaf forests
Dune lands
Ecoregions
Estuaries
Fiords
Grasslands
Kauri forest
Lakes
Life in fresh water
Life in hot springs
Mountains
National parks
Open ocean
Protected areas
Rivers
Sea floor
Shrublands
Southern beech forest
Wetlands
Natural resources
Aquaculture
Building stone
Coal and coal mining
Economy
Engineering on the sea floor
Fishing industry
Flax and flax working
Gemstones
Geothermal energy
Gold and gold mining
Horticultural use of native plants
Iron and steel
Kauri gum and gum digging
Kōhatu – Māori use of stone
Logging native forests
Mining and underground resources
Mātaitai – shellfish gathering
Oil and gas
Plant extracts
Pounamu – jade or greenstone
Rock, limestone and clay
Rongoā – medicinal use of plants
Salt
Seafood
Sealing
Te hopu tuna – eeling
Te hī ika – Māori fishing
Te ngahere – forest lore
Te tāhere manu – bird catching
Tītī − muttonbirding
Water quality
Water resources
Whaling
Whitebait and whitebaiting
Wind and solar power
Pacific peoples
Cook Islanders
Fijians
Niueans
Pacific Island health
Pacific Islands and New Zealand
Pacific arts in New Zealand
Pacific churches in New Zealand
Samoans
South Pacific economic relations
Tokelauans
Tongans
Partnering and relationships
Divorce and separation
Gay men’s lives
Hōkakatanga – Māori sexualities
Intermarriage
Lesbian lives
Love and romance
Marriage, weddings and living together
Sexualities
Plants and fungi
Alpine plants
Collections of plants and animals
Conifers
Conifer–broadleaf forests
Evolution of plants and animals
Ferns and lycophytes
Flax and flax working
Forest succession and regeneration
Fungi
Grasslands
Horticultural use of native plants
Kauri forest
Lichens
Liverworts and hornworts
Mosses
Native plants and animals – overview
New Zealand species overseas
Nga tupu mai i Hawaiki – plants from Polynesia
Orchids
Plant extracts
Poisonous plants and fungi
Rongoā – medicinal use of plants
Seaweed
Shrublands
Shrubs and small trees of the forest
Southern beech forest
Tall broadleaf trees
Te Waonui a Tāne – forest mythology
Te ngahere – forest lore
Threatened species
Weeds of agriculture
Weeds of the bush
Politics and representation
Cabinet government
Colonial and provincial government
Constitution
Elections and campaigns
Electoral systems
Government and sport
Kotahitanga - unity movements
Kāwanatanga – Māori engagement with the state
Labour Party
Local and regional government
National Party
Ngā māngai – Māori representation
Parliament
Political parties
Political values
Premiers and prime ministers
Referendums
Self-government and independence
Tōrangapū – Māori and political parties
Voting rights
Population
Death rates and life expectancy
Population change
Taupori Māori – Māori population change
Protest and resistance
Anti-racism and Treaty of Waitangi activism
Arts and social engagement
Conscription, conscientious objection and pacifism
Gay men's lives
Gender diversity
Interest groups
Kotahitanga – unity movements
Kāwanatanga – Māori engagement with the state
Lesbian lives
Ngā rōpū tautohetohe – Māori protest movements
Ngā uniana – Māori and unions
Parades and protest marches
Public protest
Referendums
Sex work
Strikes and labour disputes
Te mana o te wāhine – Māori women
Unions and employee organisations
Voting rights
Women’s labour organisations
Women’s movement
Recreation and leisure
Aerial recreation
Arcade, computer and video games
Art galleries and collections
Arts festivals
Beach culture
Beachcombing
Beauty contests
Birdwatching
Camping
Canoeing and rafting
Cards, board games and puzzles
Caving
Children’s play
City parks and green spaces
City public spaces
City styles
Collecting
Culture and recreation in the city
Dancing
Diving and snorkelling
Domestic recreation and hobbies
Duck shooting
Feature film
Freshwater fishing
Gambling
Gyms
Holidays
Hunting
Kites and manu tukutuku
Leisure in traditional Māori society – ngā mahi a te rēhia
Lifesaving and surfing
Mountaineering
Museums
Naturism
Nightclubs
Open water swimming
Opera and musical theatre
Plays and playwrights
Popular music
Public holidays
Radio
Rural recreation
Rural tourism
Sailing and windsurfing
Sewing, knitting and textile crafts
Shows and field days
Skiing
Sports and leisure
Television
Thermal pools and spas
Traditional Māori games – ngā tākaro
Tramping
Walking tracks
Weekends
Whitebait and whitebaiting
Yoga, Pilates and other exercise systems
Religion and spirituality
Anglican Church
Atheism and secularism
Catholic Church
Diverse Christian churches
Hawaiki
Interdenominational Christianity
Methodist Church
Missions and missionaries
Māori creation traditions
Māori prophetic movements – ngā poropiti
Ngā hāhi – Māori and Christian denominations
Pacific churches in New Zealand
Presbyterian Church
Religion and society
Rātana Church – Te Haahi Rātana
Salvation Army
Traditional Māori religion – ngā karakia a te Māori
Reproduction and parenting
Abortion
Adoption
Contraception and sterilisation
Infertility and childlessness
Ngā mātua – Māori parenting
Parenting
Pregnancy, birth and baby care
Te whānau tamariki – pregnancy and birth
Whāngai – customary fostering and adoption
Reptiles and amphibians
Frogs
Lizards
Ngārara – reptiles
Tuatara
Research and ideas
Agricultural and horticultural research
Anthropology and archaeology
Classical and foreign-language studies
Conservation – a history
Criticism and the arts
European discovery of plants and animals
European ideas about Māori
Geomorphology – a history
History and historians
Ideas in New Zealand
Ideas of Māori origins
Intellectuals
Life sciences
Linguistics
Medical research
Māori non-fiction and scholarship – ngā tuhinga me te rangahau
Māori studies – ngā tari Māori
Perceptions of the landscape
Philosophy
Physics, chemistry and mathematics
Public history
Research institutions
Social sciences
Soil investigation
Te Ao Mārama – the natural world
Te Waonui a Tāne – forest mythology
Translation and interpreting – te whakamāori ā-tuhi, ā-waha hoki
Science
Agricultural and horticultural research
Agricultural education
Astronomy – overview
Canoe navigation
Charting the sea floor
Collections of plants and animals
Early mapping
Engineering on the sea floor
European discovery of plants and animals
Evolution of plants and animals
Forestry research
Fossils
Geomorphology – a history
Life sciences
Magnetic field
Medical research
Meteorites
Museums
Night sky
Ocean currents and tides
Physics, chemistry and mathematics
Plant extracts
Soil investigation
Southern Cross
Timekeeping
Veterinary services
Weather forecasting
Sea life
Coastal fish
Coastal shoreline
Corals, anemones and jellyfish
Crabs, crayfish and other crustaceans
Deep-sea creatures
Dolphins
Estuaries
Fiords
Marine animals without backbones
Oceanic fish
Octopus and squid
Open ocean
Orcas
Plankton
Sea floor
Seals
Seaweed
Sharks and rays
Shellfish
Starfish, sea urchins and other echinoderms
Te whānau puha – whales
Whales
Sexuality
Gay men’s lives
Gender diversity
Hōkakatanga – Māori sexualities
Lesbian lives
Sex work
Sexual health
Sexualities
Sport
Aerial recreation
Amateurism and professionalism
Archery, fencing, shooting and military re-enactment
Athletics
Basketball
Billiards, snooker, pool and darts
Bodybuilding, weightlifting and powerlifting
Bowls, pétanque and tenpin
Boxing and wrestling
Canoeing and rafting
Children and sport
Cricket
Cycle racing
Disabled sport
Equestrianism and horse sports
Extreme sports and adventure sports
Football
Gender and sport
Golf
Government and sport
Hockey
Horse and greyhound racing
Ice sports
Indoor sports
Lifesaving and surfing
Marching teams and cheerleaders
Martial arts
Military and sport
Minor outdoor sports
Motor sport
Mountaineering
Māori and sport – hākinakina
Māori rugby – whutupaoro
Netball
Olympic and Commonwealth games
Open water swimming
Powered water sports
Roller skating and skateboarding
Rowing
Rugby league
Rugby union
Sailing and windsurfing
Skiing
Softball and baseball
Sport and society
Sport and the nation
Sports and leisure
Sports medicine and drugs
Sports reporting and commentating
Sports venues
Swimming
Tennis
Triathlon and multisport
Veterans and masters sport
Waka ama – outrigger canoeing
Theatre
Actors and acting
Māori theatre – te whare tapere hōu
Opera and musical theatre
Plays and playwrights
Theatre companies and producers
Theatre design
Theatres, cinemas and halls
Towns and cities
Capital city
City boosters and promoters
City children and youth
City history and people
City images
City parks and green spaces
City planning
City public spaces
Country towns
Culture and recreation in the city
Inner-city living
Men and women in the city
Ngā tāone nui – Māori in the city
Public and street art
Street life
Suburbs
Transport
Air crashes
Aviation
Bicycles
Bridges and tunnels
Bush trams and other log transport
Canoe navigation
Canoe traditions
Cars and the motor industry
Castaways
Coaches and long-distance buses
Ferries
Freight and warehousing
Horses
Lighthouses
Motorcycles
Ports and harbours
Public transport
Railway accidents
Railways
Road accidents
Roads
Seafarers
Shipbuilding
Shipping
Shipwrecks
Taxis and cabs
Transport of animals
Transport – overview
Voyage out
Waka – canoes
Walking tracks
Treaty of Waitangi
He Whakaputanga – Declaration of Independence
Ngā whakataunga tiriti – Treaty of Waitangi settlement process
Principles of the Treaty of Waitangi – ngā mātāpono o te tiriti
Treaty of Waitangi
Waitangi Tribunal – Te Rōpū Whakamana
Trees and forests
Alpine plants
Collections of plants and animals
Conifers
Conifer–broadleaf forests
Evolution of plants and animals
Exotic forestry
Forest succession and regeneration
Forestry research
Horticultural use of native plants
Kauri forest
Native plants and animals – overview
New Zealand species overseas
Plant extracts
Poisonous plants and fungi
Radiata pine
Rongoā – medicinal use of plants
Shrubs and small trees of the forest
Southern beech forest
Tall broadleaf trees
Te Ao Mārama – the natural world
Te Waonui a Tāne – forest mythology
Te ngahere – forest lore
The New Zealand bush
Trees in the rural landscape
Weeds of the bush
Visual arts
Contemporary Māori art – ngā toi hōu
Crafts and applied arts
Media art
Māori rock art – ngā toi ana
Māori weaving and tukutuku – te raranga me te whatu
Pacific arts in New Zealand
Painting
Photography
Post-object and conceptual art
Public and street art
Sculpture and installation art
Whakairo – Māori carving
War and peace
Armed forces
Asian conflicts
Civil defence
Cold War
Conscription, conscientious objection and pacifism
First World War
Intelligence services
Mau rākau – Māori use of weaponry
Memorials and monuments
Military and sport
Military medals
Musket wars
New Zealand wars
Ngā pakanga ki tāwāhi – Māori and overseas wars
Peacekeeping
Riri - traditional Māori warfare
Second World War
South African War
Terrorism and counter-terrorism
Veterans' assistance
Work and industrial relations
Apprenticeships and trade training
Employer and business organisations
Household services
Ngā uniana – Māori and unions
Occupational structure
Rural workers
Sex work
Strikes and labour disputes
Te rāngai mahi – Māori in the workforce
Unions and employee organisations
Unpaid domestic work
Women’s labour organisations
Workforce composition
Workplace safety and compensation
Site map
Home
Dictionary of New Zealand Biography
Last names beginning with T
Toxward, Christian Julius
Related biographies
Dictionary of New Zealand Biography logo
Biography: Toxward, Christian Julius
Contents
Biography
Links and sources
Related biographies
All images and media
Related biographies
Whitaker, Frederick
1812–1891
Lawyer, entrepreneur, politician, premier
Biographies that mention Toxward, Christian Julius
Print the full story
1
2
3
4
How to cite this page
Chris Cochran. 'Toxward, Christian Julius', Dictionary of New Zealand Biography, first published in 1993. Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand, https://teara.govt.nz/en/biographies/129028/related-biographies (accessed 4 June 2026).
