When the wind blows persistently in a particular direction, the wind stress on the sea surface causes the water in the upper layer to move bodily and a current is thereby formed. These wind-induced currents may be permanent in regions of strong prevailing winds but they do not flow in the same direction as the wind. In the Northern Hemisphere they are deflected to the right of the wind direction and in the Southern Hemisphere to the left by an angle varying between 30 and 60 degrees. This deflection is an effect of the earth's rotation.

The density of sea water depends both upon its temperature and upon its salinity and, since these vary from place to place, the density also varies and gives rise to currents. These density currents are not independent of winds, however, because the wind-induced currents themselves alter the density distributions. Similarly, if warm water is driven from low latitudes into higher latitudes it will be cooled, and thus a limit is set on the differences of density which can be attained. The positions of the land masses and the shape and depths of the ocean basins also affect the currents.

A knowledge of ocean currents is of great importance in all branches of marine work and the study of motion within the sea is the main task of physical oceanographers. Although the general pattern of surface currents is reasonably well known, the eddies and day-to-day changes found in them still require investigation. Currents which are almost as fast and as variable as those on the surface have been found well below the surface and are still far from being completely understood. A variety of forces can produce motion within the sea and there is great interplay between these forces; consequently ocean water movements are very complex. They range from small-scale currents found near shorelines, the result of wave action, to large-scale oceanic currents which are related to the wind circulation and to density differences within the sea.

Oamaru is situated on the shores of a small bay immediately north of Cape Wanbrow on the coast of North Otago. On the west and south-west the country rises to rolling downs and, in about 15–20 miles, to the slopes of the Kakanui Range. On the north the land gradually opens out to terraces and flats of the lower Waitaki Valley. An artificial harbour, protected by a breakwater extending northward from the bluff of Cape Wanbrow, provides port facilities. The Christchurch-Dunedin Main Highway and the South Island Main Trunk railway pass through the town. There is a branch from Waiareka Junction (2 miles west) to Taylors Siding (about 5 miles north-west), and from Pukeuri Junction (6 miles north-east) to Kurow (37 miles north-west). By road Oamaru is 154 miles southwest of Christchurch (152 miles by rail) and 82 miles north-east of Dunedin (78 miles by rail). Timaru is 53 miles north-east by road or rail.

The main farming activities of the district are intensive sheep farming and cash cropping on the downs and lowlands and more extensive sheep raising on the higher country. Cereal crops are important and there are flourmills at Ngapara (17 miles north-west) and at Maheno (9 miles south-west). There is considerable seed production and some fruitgrowing in the district. Timber is logged at Waianakarua State plantation (about 18 miles south-west), and there are sawmills at Windsor (10 miles north-west). Limestone, including Oamaru stone of building quality, abounds throughout the district. There are lime works at Weston (5 miles north-west) and near Totara (6 miles south-west). Lignite coal is mined at Ngapara. There is a meat-freezing works at Pukeuri Junction. Oamaru is the chief town and port of North Otago. Town industrial activities include the manufacture of butter, flour and cereal products, confectionery, medicine, stock foods, woollen goods, clothing, joinery and furniture, household appliances, space-heating systems, coal gas and coal tar, and concrete products; cheese, bacon and ham processing; sawmilling; engineering; and motor-body building. Oamaru is a base for commercial marine fisheries along the coast. There are wool and skins, grain, seed, and produce stores in the town.

Oamaru, having a comparatively sheltered landing place in southerly weather, was frequented by sealers and whalers between the end of the eighteenth century and the 1840s. Notable early visitors in 1844 were Edward Shortland, who travelled northward along the coast from Waikouaiti to Akaroa; Bishop G. A. Selwyn, who was proceeding southward to Moeraki; and W. Heaphy, walking from Otago Harbour to Nelson. W. B. D. Mantell visited the district in 1848 in the course of arranging the boundaries of Maori reserves which had been left undecided at the time of earlier land purchases. The first European resident in the district prior to 1850 was probably James Saunders, a trader among the Maoris near the mouth of the Waitaki River, some 14 miles north-east. Areas extending inland from the coast between Dunedin and the Waitaki River were taken up for sheep runs in the early 1850s. Hugh Robison occupied land, including Cape Wanbrow and the future sites of Oamaru and Weston, in 1853. He built a dwelling on the north side of a lagoon formed by Oamaru Creek, on the present town site. Several runs were subdivided in 1860 to facilitate closer settlement and agricultural farming.

Oamaru began to develop as a town and port in the early 1860s. Construction of the breakwater commenced in 1871 and, by 1884, there was a safe artificial harbour. During 1884 the ship Dunedin (which earlier had sailed from Port Chalmers with the first frozen meat from New Zealand) loaded a cargo of frozen mutton at Oamaru for London. Railway construction commenced in the early 1870s. The railway between Waitaki South and Oamaru was opened on 27 September 1875. On 1 February 1877 this section was extended to Makikihi, where it linked up with the line from Christchurch. Oamaru was joined to Dunedin by rail on 7 September 1878. The branch lines inland contributed much to the development of the district. The Pukeuri Junction – Kurow branch was opened to Hakataramea (Canterbury) on 1 April 1885. In 1930 the Kurow-Hakataramea portion was closed. Since 1947 this branch has carried goods traffic only. A branch railway from Waiareka was opened to Ngapara on 1 April 1877 and a lateral from Windsor to Tokarahi on 8 July 1887. The Windsor-Tokarahi portion was closed on 14 July 1930. With the exception of the Waiareka-Taylors Siding (limeworks) portion, the Ngapara branch was closed on 12 July 1959. In 1861 Oamaru became a town in terms of an Otago Provincial Government ordinance. In 1866 it was constituted a borough. The meaning of the name is obscure, but an interpretation widely accepted is “Maru's place”, or “Maru's abode”.

POPULATION: 1951 census, 8,119; 1956 census, 11,088; 1961 census, 12,391.

by Brian Newton Davis, M.A., Vicar, St. Philips, Karori West, Wellington and Edward Stewart Dollimore, Research Officer, Department of Lands and Survey, Wellington.

Lyttelton is situated on the lower slopes of the Port Hills and around the shores of a cove on the northern side of Lyttelton Harbour, about 5 miles west of the heads. By road Lyttelton is 12 miles south-east of Christchurch via Summer and Evans Pass; and is 7 miles by rail via Lyttelton Tunnel. The business and industrial section extends around the foreshore of the port, while the residential area is on the hillsides above. There is also a residential suburb at Diamond Harbour, about 1½ miles south of the town, on the opposite shore of the harbour. The harbour basin is protected by moles extending from the western and eastern limits of the cove. It has also been improved by dredging and by foreshore reclamation. The chief industrial activities of the town are engineering, ship-repair work, boatbuilding, and clothing manufacture. There are several large wool, produce, and cool stores at the port, also a graving dock. The port is the southern terminus of the Wellington-Lyttelton inter-Island steamship service.

So far as is known, the first European visitor to the district was Captain Chase in the Pegasus in 1809. The first whaling ship, Antarctic, entered the inlet in 1830. By the middle 1830s whaling had become established around the southern shores between the heads and Purau Bay (2 miles southeast). Permanent settlement began in the district at Purau in 1843 when the Greenwood brothers took up land. They were succeeded by the Rhodes brothers in 1847. The Gebbies and Mansons, who had been with the Deans brothers at Riccarton since 1843, settled at the head of the harbour about 1845. In 1848 Captain Thomas, chief surveyor of the Canterbury Association, selected the site for the Canterbury Settlement's capital and port. Stokes, commander of the Acheron, then surveying the coasts of Banks Peninsula, confirmed the choice. In 1849, when the deed of purchase of the Port Cooper district was signed at the site of present Lyttelton, the few Maoris living there moved to their reserve at Rapaki (3 miles west). Thomas landed in the same year and prepared for the reception and accommodation of the settlers, while E. Jollie laid out the town. J. R. Godley, the association's agent, arrived in April 1850 to find that rapid progress had been made, the first four ships with immigrants arriving in December to find a township already in being. The first problem was communication with Christchurch which, on 24 December, had been declared the capital. A road via Evans Pass and Sumner was not completed until 1857. In the meantime the Bridle Path over the Port Hills was cut for pack horses and pedestrian traffic, and alternative transport was provided by sea via the Heathcote Estuary. By 1857 the export trade of Canterbury had developed and showed signs of increasing, but the new road, however, was considered unsatisfactory for heavy traffic. In that year Moorhouse announced plans for the construction of a railway tunnel through the Port Hills. The first sod of the tunnel was turned at Heathcote on 17 July 1861 and work commenced from both sides. The first train went through on 18 November 1867 and on 9 December the line from Christchurch was opened.

Early in 1877 the Lyttelton Harbour Board was constituted and the harbour facilities were rapidly improved. The working of the wharves is now under the control of the New Zealand Railways. Goods and cargo are shipped directly to railway wagons and hauled to Christchurch or other stations. A municipal council was established in 1862 to administer certain town affairs; in 1868 full borough status was achieved. By 1911, because all suitable land in the borough had been built on, the acquisition of an additional area at Diamond Harbour was proposed. The incorporation of this area in the borough and the establishment of a ferry service was authorised by statute in the same year. In 1955 the growing importance of the port led to statutory authority being granted for the construction of a road tunnel between Lyttelton and Christchurch. The opening ceremony was performed by the Governor-General, Sir Bernard Fergusson, on 27 February 1964. The inlet, now named Lyttelton Harbour, was called Port Cooper in the early 1830s after a partner of the firm of Cooper and Levy. It was shown as Port Victoria on Thomas's map of 1849, but in 1858 the official name became Port Lyttelton, given in honour of Lord Lyttelton, chairman of the Canterbury Association.

POPULATION: 1951 census, 3,681; 1956 census, 3,589; 1961 census, 3,403.

by Edward Stewart Dollimore, Research Officer, Department of Lands and Survey, Wellington.

The Lycopods, or club mosses, are a small group of plants but they are important as a link between Pteridophytes and Gymnosperms. They were, at one time, a much more extensive group. In the Lycopodiaceae there are two distinct generations, as in ferns, but the prothallus, or gamete-bearing plant, is not an independent organism; it is colourless and lives underground, among the roots of other plants. The spores are found in strobili, or cones, at the tips of some branches. Little was known of the sexual generation of these plants before the work of a New Zealander, Rev. John E. Holloway, who found many of these underground prothalli, which he described in a series of papers published in The Transactions of the New Zealand Institute.

The two genera of Lycopodiaceae found in New Zealand are Lycopodium and Phylloglossum. Of the latter genus there is only one species, Phylloglossum drummondii, which is found also in Tasmania and parts of Australia. It is a very small unusual plant of about 5 cm, found mainly in North Auckland and in small areas in Marlborough and Banks Peninsula.

There are 12 species of Lycopodium, which is a larger number than that in other countries; also they are larger plants. The spore-bearing plant has wiry stems with closely appressed scale-like leaves, usually of very pale green colour. Some are epiphytes and others scramble over forest trees and shrubs, mainly on the margins of forests; they vary greatly in size, the smallest having short, erect stems. Lycopodium volubile (waewaekoukou, or owl's foot) is a graceful plant with branches 10–12 ft long. The stems are thin and wiry and bear two types of leaves. It scrambles over trees, manuka scrub, or just over the ground, and is common throughout both islands in lowland and montane areas. L. deuterodensum is a species common from North Cape to about 38° S; it has long-branched rhizomes from which arise rigid, erect branches bearing leaves of three kinds. In lowland and montane areas of the southern part of the North Island, L. scariosium is common in open country from 38° S. It has long wiry stems with tiny flattened leaves. L. fastigatum is a widespread species, of a variety of habitats, and of variable form. It is common in hilly country of the South Island. L. cernum has short, stout, much-branched stems bearing crowded, pale yellowish-green leaves. It is found from North Cape southward in lowland and montane bogs, but is specially abundant near the hot springs of the thermal regions.

There are two epiphytic species, L. billardieri and L. novae zealandicum. L. billardieri is common in lowland and montane forests; the hanging stems branch freely and are densely crowded with leaves. L. novae-zealandicum, of much more restricted distribution, is found mainly on tree ferns in parts of the North Island. The leaves are not so densely arranged on the drooping branches and are of very pale colour. Spores are on strobili at the ends of branches.

Of two plants closely related to the Lycopods, one is Tmesipteris, a small plant common in lowland forest, which is usually found as an epiphyte, but sometimes growing on rocks. The one species, T. tannensis, has dark-green leaf-like lobes with tiny sporangia at the tips. The other is Psilotum nudum, which is common in areas north and south of Auckland. Both are very unusual plants, survivals of a past age, with little relationship to plants of the present day.

by Olive Rita Croker, M.A., Botanist, Wellington.

(1898– ).

Cricketer.

A new biography of Lowry, Thomas Coleman appears in the Dictionary of New Zealand Biography on this site.

His bowling record, in 173·2 overs, was: 30 maidens; 15 wickets for 450 runs, giving an average of 30·0. On the 1931 tour his batting record in 44 innings was: not out, three times; highest score, 129; aggregate runs, 1,290 (including two centuries), showing an average of 31·46. His bowling, 103 overs, including 26 maidens, was 15 wickets for 274 runs, giving an average of 18·6. During the 1937 tour Lowry played 18 innings on occasions when other team members were ill. He was not out three times, made a highest score of 121, an aggregate of 409 runs, and had a batting average of 27·26. In all he made 114 appearances for New Zealand, of which 74 were overseas. His batting record in New Zealand first-class cricket was: aggregate runs, 5,557 (including 13 centuries), of which 3,276 were made overseas. In the 1927–28 season he played 13 innings, and made 563 runs (highest score, 181), with an average of 46·91. He holds partnership records for New Zealand for the seventh wicket (100 with H. M. McGirr at Auckland, 1929–30) and for the ninth (63 with C. F. W. Allcott at Lord's, 1931). He also achieved a double-century partnership for the fourth wicket with F. T. Badcock in the Wellington v. Auckland match at Wellington in 1931.

(NOTE—The seventh wicket record partnership set by Lowry and McGirr in 1929–30 was broken by B. Sutcliffe and V. T. Pollard in May 1965. Ed.)

Lower Hutt is situated in the lower Hutt Valley, with the greater part of the city lying east of the Hutt River. The boundaries are Taita Gorge in the north and Port Nicholson and the borough of Petone in the south. To the west and east the hills rise sharply from the valley floor. The residential suburbs are Stokes Valley, Epuni, Waterloo, Waiwhetu, Avalon, Belmont, Normandale, and Maungaraki. Taita, Naenae, and Moera are partly zoned for industry, while the main heavy-industry zone is Seaview-Gracefield (an area which has been extended by harbour reclamation). The Wellington-Wairarapa railway line passes through the city and there is a suburban line from Wellington to Upper Hutt, with 8 stations serving Lower Hutt, Ava, Woburn, Waterloo, Epuni, Naenae, Wingate, Taita, and Pomare. A branch line also runs from Petone to Melling to serve the suburbs on the western side of the valley. By road and rail Lower Hutt is 8 miles north-east of Wellington and 12 miles south-west of Upper Hutt. Petone is 1½ miles south-west, and Eastbourne 7 miles southeast. Wellington is the nearest port, although there is an oil tanker wharf at Point Howard, 3½ miles from the city. Air traffic uses Wellington Airport, at Rongotai (13 miles south-west).

Lower Hutt is an important residential, commercial, and industrial centre. The residential portions include extensive housing projects. Among the secondary industries at Seaview-Gracefield (2½ miles south-east) are a car-assembly plant, oil installations, the manufacture of industrial gases, plastics, and paint, and footwear and biscuit factories. Radios and television sets are made at Naenae (2½ miles north-east) and there is a glass factory at Taita (nearly 4 miles north-east). The large railway workshops are at Moera (about 2 miles south-east). Engineering plants, electrical factories, and building and construction works are widespread. With the major Wellington units of the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research now in Lower Hutt, including the Dominion Laboratory, the Dominion Physical Laboratory, Geological Survey, Soil Bureau, and Institute of Nuclear Sciences, the city has an important part in New Zealand's research work. The borough of Petone (1½ miles south-west) also supports a variety of secondary industries. These include a freezing works, woollen manufacturing, a dry-ice factory, motor works, the manufacture of cordial, perambulator and basket making, soap and cosmetic factories, timber yards, and tobacco works. Upper Hutt is mainly residential, but there is a tyre factory, a vaccine laboratory, engineering works, and a number of small factories. Activities in the district include sheep, cattle, and poultry farming, logging and sawmilling. The Wallaceville Research Station and Government experimental poultry farm are situated in the borough.

Maori settlement in the valley is traditionally dated back to A.D. 1250, when the two sons of Whatonga, a Hawke's Bay chief, settled in the area. The Maoris called the river Heretaunga, after their old home. In 1839 the preliminary expedition of the New Zealand Company arrived in the Tory, under Colonel William Wakefield, who bought land for the new settlement from the Ngati Awa Maoris. In January 1840 the main body of settlers landed on the beach at Petone (Britannia) and started to clear the land and make their homes in the lower valley. Within a few months, however, flooding of the river drove most of the colonists to the southern end of the harbour (Thorndon and Te Aro), while a few remained behind in Petone and Lower Hutt. The first colonists found the greater part of the valley covered with forest. The timber trade was important in the first half century of the valley's growth, and many sawmills operated in this period. As land was cleared and roads were constructed, farming became the main activity, with the valley increasingly supplying the needs of the nearby capital city of Wellington. Until recently market gardens were common in Lower Hutt.

The rail connection from Wellington was established in 1874 and residential development began around the then village centre in High Street. With the growth of population came local government. In 1876 the provinces were abolished and counties set up, and within five years Lower Hutt had its own town board. It was constituted a borough in 1891 and became a city in 1941. During the second 50 years of growth the emphasis slowly changed from agriculture to housing and industry. The first major industrial concern was the Railway Workshops in 1929 (the eastern railway reached Waterloo in 1927). Freezing works, woollen mills, and motor works followed. The development of housing was greatly intensified after the establishment of the Housing Construction Department in 1936. A town-planning scheme, inaugurated in the same year, laid down the basis of well-balanced zoning.

The name “Hutt” was bestowed by Colonel Wakefield originally on the Heretaunga River. Gradually it spread to the valley and the names “Lower Hutt” and “Upper Hutt” came into use. Sir William Hutt was a prominent director and one-time chairman of the New Zealand Company. Petone's name is derived from “Pito-One” which means “End of Sands”.

by Susan Bailey, B.A., Research Officer, Department of Industries and Commerce, Wellington.

(1891–1963).

Cartoonist.

A new biography of Low, David Alexander Cecil appears in the Dictionary of New Zealand Biography on this site.

David Alexander Cecil Low, third son of David Low, was born in Dunedin on 7 April 1891. His formal education ended when, at the age of 12, he ceased attending the Boys' High School, Christ-church. After that, apart from intermittent periods of private study, he was continuously engaged for the following 60 years in journalism and black-and-white art.

While living in Mornington, Dunedin, and still at primary school, Low had some drawings published. These were not in the nature of the political cartoons for which he was to become famous, but “before and after” sketches for a popular patent medicine called Marshall's Phosphorine. These were printed in the Evening Star, Dunedin. His first cartoon was published in 1902 in the Spectator, Christchurch, when he was 11 years of age. He received a fee of 2s. 6d. He continued to send caricatures and cartoons regularly to that and other New Zealand journals and periodicais. A year as political cartoonist to the Canterbury Times preceded his departure in 1911 for Australia to join the Bulletin (Sydney). This appointment must have roused the envy of all budding cartoonists in Australia and New Zealand for the Bulletin had already cradled such men as Phil May, Will Dyson, and George Lambert.

Low's Billy Book, 1918, in which he satirised the policies of the Prime Minister, William M. Hughes, led to an invitation to join the staff of the Daily News and Star in London in 1919. In 1927 he left these papers to join the Evening Standard, his contract stipulating complete independence of viewpoint. Low could insist on his own terms, for by this time he was one of the best-known and most highly paid cartoonists in Britain. He asserted his independence and did not hesitate on occasion to ridicule his editor, Lord Beaverbrook.

During the uneasy 1930s Low created the character of Colonel Blimp, symbol of smug complacency whose “Gad Sir” invariably prefaced some inane remark on current affairs. At the same time Low bitterly attacked the Nazi system and especially the dictators Hitler and Mussolini whom he depicted as strutting mountebanks. As a result, Low was officially listed for “liquidation” by the Nazi authorities in Germany.

Between 1941 and 1944 he was a regular “voice” on world affairs in the B.B.C. Overseas Service and he appeared frequently on television. In 1950 he left the Standard to work for a world syndication of approximately 280 newspapers based on a first publication in the Guardian, England.

Low published in various countries about 32 volumes of drawings and wrote seven books, mainly on the arts of caricature and the cartoon. These include Lloyd George and Co., 1922; Lions and Lambs, 1928; Russian Sketch Book, 1932; The New Rake's Progress, 1934; Ye Madde Designer, 1935; Political Parade, 1936; Europe Since Versailles, 1939; British Cartoonists, 1942; Years of Wrath, 1942; and Low's Autobiography, 1956. Honorary degrees were conferred on him by the Universities of New Brunswick, 1958, and Leicester, 1961. He was knighted in 1962.

As an artist, Low was virtually self-taught. His earliest drawings show the influence of Phil May who had developed a simplicity and clarity of line admirably adapted to the limitations of press reproduction. Low's natural power as a draughtsman soon asserted itself, however, and he forsook May's deliberate, sensitive pen line for the strong fluent brush stroke that became inseparable from his sardonic humour. No drawings could have been better suited technically to newspaper reproduction than Low's pure black and white. He occasionally introduced screen tints and black crayon textures, but only for reinforcing the sting of his thrust and never at the expense of his bold calligraphic brush-work. He relied on his extraordinary gifts in caricature to identify his subjects and, apart from Blimp and a slow ungainly carthorse that he used to symbolise Britain's Trade Union Congress, his main characters were the actual people concerned rather than symbols. He employed such devices as swords, wreaths, cannons, doves, devils, and angels, but he was most devastating when he caricatured his victims and set them in some unmistakably familiar but bitingly analagous situation from history, mythology, or everyday life. With appropriate facial manipulations, Joan of Arc, Britannia, Napoleon, Gulliver, Drake, Stanley, Livingstone, and a host of other real or fabled characters were called upon to play their parts in cemeteries, zoos, on desert islands, stormy seas, or mountain tops. Sometimes a striking representation of near actuality provided the most pungent environment.

As a political cartoonist, Low's work was essentially topical, and it may be questioned whether his drawings, for all their brilliance, have that element of universality inherent in those of Rowlandson, Daumier, and Goya. In this respect Low as day-today commentator had necessarily to produce work mainly with an ephemeral appeal. His enormous success was therefore derived largely from his unique ability to exploit to the full the newspaper publishing techniques of his day.

When he was 28 years of age, Low married Madeline Kenning, of Auckland. His marriage, he said, gave him what he had always needed, a private audience. Every morning after breakfast he would discuss his cartoon for the day with his wife and, later, with his two daughters as well. Although he was a man of strong Christian instincts, Low found himself unable to accept the theology or liturgy of any church and he described himself as an agnostic. After his death in London on 19 September 1963, his books and his own complete collection of the cartoons, together with a portrait photograph by Karsh, of Ottawa, were placed in an alcove in the library in New Zealand House, London, as a permanent memorial.

by Stewart Bell Maclennan, A.R.C.A.(LOND.), Director, National Art Gallery, Wellington.

The Times (London), 21 Sep 1963 (Obit).

(1910–49).

Medical practitioner and international athlete.

A new biography of Lovelock, John Edward appears in the Dictionary of New Zealand Biography on this site.

Lovelock was born on 5 January 1910 at Crushington (near Reefton), the son of J. E. J. Lovelock, a battery superintendent in the mines. Learning and athletics went hand in hand from Lovelock's earliest days. When his family moved to South Canterbury he distinguished himself as a pupil at Temuka and Fairlie schools and won a scholarship to Timaru Boys' High School, where he established a school mile track record. In 1928 he won another scholarship, which took him to the University of Otago where he studied medicine. In 1931, as a Rhodes Scholar, he entered Exeter College, Oxford, where he soon won renown as an athlete. He graduated B.A. (with third-class honours in physiology) in 1934, M.A. in 1937, and obtained his M.R.C.P. (London) in 1940.

In 1933, as a member of a visiting British University team, he established a world record (4 minutes 7.6 seconds) for the mile at Princeton, United States, winning that event again at the Empire Games in 1934. In 1936, at the Olympic Games in Berlin, before 120,000 spectators, he took the New Zealand flag to the masthead for the first time when he won the 1,500 metres in 3 minutes 49·8 seconds – a world record. He then retired from athletics and devoted himself to medicine. From 1939 to 1945 he served with the R.A.M.C. (rising to the rank of major), and in 1947 was appointed to the staff of Manhattan Hospital, New York, where, in 1948, he became assistant director of the department specialising in the treatment of infantile paralysis and similar diseases. On 28 December 1949 he was killed by a train in a New York subway, overcome, it was said, by a fit of giddiness. In 1945 Lovelock married Cynthia Wells James, by whom he had two daughters. He published a book, Athletics for Health, in 1937, and this was later translated into Finnish and Norwegian.

Lovelock was a great athlete and extremely popular on both sides of the Atlantic. An oak tree presented to him by Adolf Hitler in 1936 grows as his memorial in the grounds of Timaru Boys' High School.

by Oliver Arthur Gillespie, M.B.E., M.M. (1895–1960), Author.

• Register of Rhodes House Scholars (1903–1945)
• The Times (London), 29 Dec 1949 (Obit)
• Press (Christchurch). 30 Dec 1949 (Obit)
• The Legend of Lovelock, Harris, Norman (1964).

(1905–42).

Commander of the 28th (Maori) Battalion.

A new biography of Love, Eruera Te Whiti o Rongomai appears in the Dictionary of New Zealand Biography on this site.

Edward Love was born on 18 May 1905 at Picton, one of the six sons of Wi Hape Pakau Love and of Ripaka, daughter of Paati Tauwhare Matene, a chief of Te Ati Awa. Before he joined the forces Love was an Associate and Interpreter of the Native Land Court and was studying law at Victoria University College. He was also a Territorial officer and company commander of the 1st Battalion, City of Wellington's Own Regiment.

Colonel Love was associated with the 28th (Maori) Battalion from its beginning in 1939, and was company commander of Headquarters Company. He served in Greece and Crete and was with the battalion during the grim fighting at Thermopylae. In November 1941 he had temporary command of the battalion, which he led in two successful operations, but while he was reorganising Headquarters Company at Pirgos he was wounded. In March 1942 he rejoined the battalion as second in command and on 13 May 1942 he was promoted to the command, being the first Maori to achieve this honour. Love returned with the battalion to the Western Desert. Mainly because of Love's able leadership the battalion suffered comparatively few casualties in the break through at Abu Batta. On 12 July 1942, during the attack on Ruiweisat Ridge, Colonel Love, with his Adjutant, drove up to see how the men were faring. A shell burst near their car, mortally wounding Love, who died that night. He was buried in Egypt at the El Alamein Military Cemetery.

On 17 September 1928, at “Taputapuatea”, Tokuvaine, Rarotonga, Love married Tokau Margaret Tinirau Rio Makea, the Makea Nui Ariki (paramount chieftainess) of Rarotonga. Margaret Love died at Rarotonga in September 1947.

by Robert Ritchie Alexander, M.A., DIP.ED.(N.Z.), B.T.(CALCUTTA), PH.D.(MINNESOTA), Teachers' Training College, Christchurch.

• The Price of Citizenship, Ngata, A. T. (1943)
• 28th Maori Battalion, Cody, J. F. (1957)
• Evening Post, 17 Jul 1942 (Obit).