Insects troublesome to humans are the common housefly, Musca domestica (L.); some 10 species of mosquitoes of which the commonest is Culex pervigilans (Bergroth); sandflies, Simuliidae, such as Austrosimulium australense (Sch.) and A. ungulatum (Tonn.); the bed bug, Cimex lectularius (L.); flea, Pulex irritans (L.); crab louse, Phthirus pubis (L.); and the lice, Pediculus humanus capitis (De G.) and P. humanus (L.), although the last is said to be almost non-existent.

Pests of stock include the sheep ked, Melophagus ovinus (L.); the louse, Damalinia ovis (Schr.); the blowfly, Lucilia sericata (Mg.); and the biting fly, Stomoxys calcitrans (L.). Also present are the cattle tick, Haemaphysalis bispinosa (Neum.); the horse bot flies, Gasterophilus intestinalis (De G.) and G. nasalis (L.); the sheep nostril fly, Oestrus ovis (L.); the poultry mite, Dermanyssus gallinae (De G.); and the poultry “scaly leg” mite, Cnemidocoptes mutans (Rob. and Lang).

Work on forest pests in New Zealand is concentrated mainly on those of the exotic trees Pinus radiata (Don) (q.v.), and Douglas fir, Pseudotsuga taxifolia (Brit). The main pests are the sawfly, Sirex noctilio (F.); the bark beetle, Hylastes ater (Payk.); and the defoliator, Selidosema suavis (Butl.), which is a native species. A campaign of biological control is being conducted against Sirex with Rhyssa persuaasoria (L.) and Ibalia leucospoides (Hochenw.). The Douglas fir seed chalcid, Megastigmus spermotrophus (Wachtl.), also gives trouble, and biological control is being attempted with Amblymerus apicalis (Thomson).

Buprestid beetles and Platypus spp. bore in living native trees, and in nursery areas there is trouble from the grass grub, Costelytra zealandica (Wh.); this latter is controlled with DDT.

The oak leaf miner, Lithocolletis messaniella (Zell.), which was a serious pest of exotic oak trees, has been very well controlled by the introduced parasites Apanteles circumscriptus (Nees) and Enaysma splendens (de L.).

Pests of milled timber are the common borer Anobium punctatum (De G.), the two-tooth longhorn, Ambeodontus tristis (F.), which is a native species; Lyctus spp., the introduced Australian subterranean termite; Coptotermes acinaciformis (Frogg.); C. lacteus (Frogg.), and C. frenchi (Hill), the native “dry wood” termite, Calotermes brouni (Frogg). Building timbers and the like are protected against these by impregnation with timber preservatives by diffusion or pressure before the timber is used for building. The injection of diesel oil gives good results against Anobium punctatum in existing buildings. This, however, will stain and may produce excessive oiliness on treated timber so that it is not suitable in all situations. Other materials that may be used are solutions of dieldrin and lindane in organic solvents, pentachlorphenol in kerosene, or, in the case of finely polished furniture, a mixture of nine parts of kerosene and one part of turpentine. This last is not long lasting and must be repeated every year about July or August. Termites may be killed by injection of arsenic dust into the workings.

Vegetables. Main pests on cabbage and cauliflower are white butterfly, Pieris rapae (L.); diamond-back moth, Plutella maculipennis (Curt.); and cabbage aphid, Brevicoryne brassicae (L.). Beans are troubled by the black bean aphid, Aphis craccivora (Koch); green vegetable bug, Nezara viridula (L.); and the looping caterpillar, Plusia chalcites (Esp.). Carrots are attacked by rust fly, Psila rosae (F); vegetable weevil, Listroderes costirostris obliquus (Klug), and the aphid, Cavariella aegopodii (Scop.). Cucurbits may be damaged by Aphis gossypii (Glov.); green vegetable bug, Nezara viridula (L.); and springtails, Collembola. Thrips tabaci (Lind.) infests onions, and tomato pests include corn earworm, Heliothis armigera (Hb.); looper caterpillar, Plusia chalcites (Esp.), the stem borer, Gnorimoschema plaesiosoma (Turn.), and the green vegetable bug, Nezara viridula (L.)

Grassland. The main insect pest is the grass grub, Costelytra zealandica (Wh.). This is a member of the Melolonthinae of the order Coleoptera or beetles. It is an endemic insect. The adult beetle is brown and somewhat less than 3/8 in. long. According to conditions in different places in New Zealand, it is on the wing from October to January, or even longer. The eggs are laid in the soil of grassland and the hatched larvae or grubs feed on the roots of grasses and may destroy them. In cases of bad infestations the root system is eaten through so thoroughly that the damaged turf can almost be rolled up like a carpet. This species is New Zealand's most important insect pest and, before a satisfactory control measure was devised, caused heavy losses in grassland farming estimated at £15 million a year, or even as high as £30 million. Control is gained by applying 2 lb p.p.i. DDT per acre, usually in superphosphate topdressing. There are two forms of this mixture: (1) the “dry”, where DDT of fine particle size is mixed with the finished superphosphate; and (2) the “wet”, where the DDT is incorporated during the manufacture of the superphosphate. An interesting new development is pelleted DDT, where fine particles of DDT are joined to a hard core. These dressings will give up to three years' protection from grass grub.

A pest second only in importance to the grass grub is the subterranean grass caterpillar, Oxycanus spp. There are several species of this, the most important of which are O. cervinatus (Wlk.), O. umbraculatus (Gn.), and O. despectus (Wlk.). They belong to the family Hepialidae of the order Lepidoptera and are endemic. Moths of the first named appear during September-November. Moths of O. umbraculatus are about one month later than those of O. cervinatus, while those of O. despectus are later still, large flights occurring in January-February. Moths lay their eggs on the surface of the ground. These hatch in about a month and the caterpillars emerge to live for some weeks on the surface of the ground under cover of a mass of webbing; later, they construct a more or less vertical tunnel in the soil and this is lined with silken webbing. From this tunnel the caterpillar emerges at night to feed on grasses. Oxycanus-infested pasture shows characteristic holes, the tunnel entrances, which are about the thickness of a pencil. “Casts” of soil (very like worm casts) are also present, but in the case of Oxycanus these are bound together by strands of webbing. As the caterpillars increase in size they do greater damage to the grass sward, until a point is reached where the increasing bare patches in the pasture may cause heavy economic losses. Control at the moment is the same as that for grass grub, Costelytra zealandica, but more work is needed on this as there have been a good number of instances in some parts of the country where inadequate control has been given.

Other pests of grassland are the exotic black beetle, Heteronychus sanctae-helenae (Blanch.); the exotic Argentine stem weevil, Hyperodes bonariensis, (Kuschel); and the black field cricket, Acheta commodus (Walk.), which was probably accidentally introduced from Australia many years ago. Then there are two species of army worm present: the native Persectania aversa (Walk.) and the introduced Pseudaletia separate (Walk.).

Field Crops. The most important pest of crucifers is the cabbage aphid, Brevicoryne brassicae (L.), which is particularly harmful in swedes and rape. Other pests of crucifers are white butterfly, Pieris rapae (L.), and diamond-back moth, Plutella maculipennis (Curt.), but these are generally well controlled by natural enemies. White clover seed crops are damaged by species of Coleophora. Lucerne suffers attack by the eelworm, Ditylenchus dipsaci (Kuhn), and other pests are the leaf roller, Epiphyas postvittana (Walk.); Heliothis armigera (Hb.); the hemipteron, Eurystylus australis (Popp.); the clover seed chalcid, Bruchophagus gibbus (Boh.), plays a relatively minor part. The tuber moth, Gnorimoschema operculella (Zell.), attacks potatoes and is the most serious pest of tobacco. Maize suffers from corn earworm, Heliothis armigera (Hb.), and black beetle, Heteronychus sanctaehelenae (Blanch.).

Fruit. The main pests are codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.); the apple leaf roller, Epiphyas postvittana (Walk.); several species of mites, such as the European red mite, Panonychus ulmi (Koch); Bryobia arborea (M. and A.); and Tetranychus telariua (L.); the leafhopper, Edwardsiana australis (Froggatt); several species of aphids, for example, woolly apple aphid, Eriosoma lanigerum (Hausm.); green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulz.); black peach aphid, Brachycaudus prunicola (Kltb.); and the black citrus aphid, Aphis citricidus (Kirk.). Scale insects, such as San Jose scale, Quadraspidiotus perniciosus (Comst.), occur on apple, pear, quince, plum, peach, apricot, nectarine, and cherry, the species Q. ostreaeformis (Curt.), Lepidosaphes ulmi (L.), and Parlatoria pittospori (Mask.) on apple; and red scale, Aonidiella aurantii (Mask.), Ceroplastes sinensis (De G.), and C. destructor (Newst.), occur on citrus; mealy bugs, Pseudococcus spp., and the borer, Oemona hirta (F.), are commonly troublesome.

New Zealand is not free from insect pests. They occur in all kinds of agriculture such as grassland, field crops, vegetables and horticultural crops, and plants generally. They are troublesome in forest trees and in milled timber, and in stored products including flour, grain, and dried fruits. They may be carriers of human diseases and plant viruses and sources of injury and annoyance to man and stock. But there are many insects that are beneficial; for example, the natural enemies of pests and weeds, and the bees that pollinate the crops.

The main insect pests in New Zealand are grouped according to the various fields of human interest.

The law relating to innkeepers may be considered under two heads – the duty of innkeepers holding hotelkeepers' or tourist-house keepers' licences to supply accommodation, meals, and liquor to the public; and the liability of innkeepers for loss of or damage to the property of their guests.

A licensed hotelkeeper or tourist-house keeper is obliged to provide accommodation and meals for travellers to the full extent permitted by the premises. Regular morning, midday, and evening meals of at least an hour's duration must be provided and there must be a notice showing the times of these meals. A traveller is, however, entitled to food and refreshment, not necessarily with personal service, at any time. Subject to the capacity of the premises, a person may be refused a meal or accommodation only if his personal cleanliness or condition, or his known character, conduct, or behaviour is such that there is reason to believe he is unsuitable to be received.

Hotelkeepers, in common with others licensed to sell liquor, may not refuse to admit anyone to, or order anyone to leave their premises, or any part thereof, because of race, colour, nationality, beliefs, or opinions. In addition to this, any adult has a right to obtain liquor in a public bar (but not elsewhere), except in certain specified cases, for instance, if he is intoxicated or disorderly.

Under the Innkeepers Act of 1962 an innkeeper is liable for any loss of or damage to property, other than vehicles or animals, brought to the inn by a guest, unless the loss or damage is caused by the guest's default or negligence, or by an act of God or the Queen's enemies, or by the guest's assuming exclusive charge or custody of the property. Liability is, however, limited to £150 in respect of any guest and £40 in respect of any article, unless the property is deposited for safekeeping. Within these limits an innkeeper is, in effect, the insurer of his guest's goods. He may also be liable without limit under the general law of negligence, for instance, where a guest's car is stolen because of an employee's negligence. In return an innkeeper may hold and sell a guest's property (again other than a vehicle or animal) in satisfaction of a debt incurred by the guest.

For the purposes of the Innkeepers Act, an innkeeper is anyone who holds himself out as offering sleeping accommodation, without special contract, to the travelling public. The term includes all hotel-keepers and motel proprietors, but not the proprietor of a private boardinghouse, who selects those whom he will receive.

by Bruce James Cameron, B.A., LL.M., Legal Adviser, Department of Justice, Wellington.

Inglewood is situated on gently undulating land in the northern part of the Taranaki ring plain, Mount Egmont (8,260 ft) rising immediately to the south-west. The highway and the railway between New Plymouth and Wanganui pass through Ingle-wood. New Plymouth, the nearest city and main port, is 13 miles north-west by road (17 miles by rail), and Stratford is 14 miles south-east by road or rail. The surrounding land is devoted primarily to dairy farming, with associated sheep and cattle farming. Inglewood is a trade and servicing centre. A dairy factory in the town produces butter, cheese, and casein. Other industries include a toy factory, clothing factory, a perambulator factory, and the manufacture of concrete products, the processing of bacon and ham, and general engineering and joinery.

The town site was originally within forested country. A settlement came into existence about 1873 associated with a large sawmill working in what was called the Moa Block. The first sale of sections took place in February 1874. With forest clearance and the establishment of the dairy industry, Inglewood grew as a market town. It is stated that it was intended to call the township Milton, but as it occupied a corner, or ingle, in the bush, the name Inglewood was chosen. The name Moa, however, appears to have persisted in official nomenclature for many years. In 1878 the Moa Road Board was appointed to administer the town affairs. The Moa Town District was created in 1885 and in 1902, under the name of Inglewood, the town was constituted a borough.

POPULATION: 1951 census, 1,540; 1956 census, 1,682; 1961 census, 1,884.

by Brian Newton Davis, M.A., Vicar, St. Philips, Karori West, Wellington and Edward Stewart Dollimore, Research Officer, Department of Lands and Survey, Wellington.

Other goods produced comprise jewellery (including paua shell and greenstone jewellery), toys (nearly three-quarters of domestic needs), sporting goods, brushes (household and industrial), and buttons (from imported plastic and domestic casein powders).

by Henry Curran Holden, M.A., Director, Trade Relations and Economics Division, and Economist, Department of Industries and Commerce, Wellington.

Ninety per cent of the plants in this group are engaged in repairing motor vehicles. These plants are evenly spread throughout the country. Value added in manufacture accounts for 51 per cent of the £42.2 million value of output, compared with 24 per cent of the £32.2 million output of the 17 motor-vehicle assembly plants. These highly mechanised assembly plants employ 3,220 people, 2,160 of whom are in the seven firms in Wellington. Five units in Auckland employ 740, and five in Christ-church, 317; 36,000 cars and 8,600 trucks, vans, and buses were assembled from imported “completely knocked down” units. The balance of this industry group consists of motor-body building (£3.6 million), aircraft maintenance and repairs (£4.2 million), ship repairs and boatbuilding (£2.5 million), and the manufacture of such goods as piston rings, mufflers, and perambulators.

There has been rapid growth in this group since 1945. Production includes 38,000 ranges (£2.0 million), 83,000 radios (£0.9 million), 64,000 television sets (£5.4 million), and 345,000 storage batteries (£1.5 million), and comes mainly from the four centres: Auckland, television sets (radios and appliances); Wellington – Lower Hutt (ranges, television sets, radios, and appliances); Christchurch (ranges and wiring accessories); and Dunedin (ranges and appliances).