The New Zealand Judiciary, the roll of which after a century and a quarter still carries fewer than 70 names, dates from 10 January 1842 when the first Judge of the Supreme Court in the infant colony took the oaths of office. He was William Martin, M.A., of Cambridge, and the Inner Temple, who had been appointed by the Colonial Office in London to be Chief Justice of New Zealand. The Supreme Court of New Zealand was barely three weeks old, having been established by Ordinance (No. 1) at the second session of the new Legislative Council. Up to that time New Zealand law had been the law of the Supreme Court of New South Wales, and justice had been administered by the holders of Commissions of the Peace. Of this period before the Supreme Court was ready to function, Sir John Logan Campbell wrote in Poenamo, “Very primitive were our ways. We had parsons without churches and magistrates without Courts; but we scrambled through our divinity and law somehow”. New Zealand's white population at this time was approximately 10,000, with about six times as many Maoris.

Ordinance (No. 1), dated 22 December 1841, marked the end of the authority of the Supreme Court of New South Wales in New Zealand. Clause 2 provided that the new Court should “have jurisdiction in all cases as fully as Her Majesty's Courts of Queen's Bench, Common Pleas and Exchequer at Westminster” and “be a Court of Oyer and Terminer and Gaol Delivery, and Assize and Nisi Prius.” Other clauses included equity, probate, and lunacy. (All have been repeated in enactments conferring jurisdiction ever since, and form part of the present Judicature Act.) The legal connection with New South Wales was completely severed in March 1842 when all ordinances of that territory in force in New Zealand were repealed and declared to be of “no force or effect whatever in the Colony”. Rules of practice for the new Court came next. These were drafted by Martin and William Swainson, the colony's second Attorney-General, who had travelled out to New Zealand together – “English lawyers, imbued with English spirit, and eager to relieve the Colony from the baneful influence of a convict code”, as Swainson put it in later years.

On 26 December 1843 Henry Samuel Chapman, of the Middle Temple, took office as a second Judge and, in January of the following year, “Rules and Forms Touching the Practice of the Supreme Court of New Zealand, Settled and Approved by William Martin C.J. and H. S. Chapman J.” were approved and gazetted. These were added to, with the effect of statute, on 2 May 1844 and 12 May 1845.

Meanwhile, the inaugural sitting of the Supreme Court had been held by the Chief Justice in Auckland in the third week of February 1842, the first case called being a murder charge against a young Maori chieftain, Maketu, who was subsequently hanged.

Provision for the appointment of further Judges was made in a new Supreme Court Ordinance (Session III, No. 1) in January 1844, such Judges as were appointed to hold office only during Her Majesty's pleasure. This arrangement, which could mean that the judiciary in certain circumstances might be subject to political influence, was hardly satisfactory to the Judges, but it persisted throughout the whole of the term of the two then Judges, and was not repealed until the Supreme Court Judges Act 1858, which ensured the independence of the judiciary by providing that Judges would hold office during good conduct instead of during the Queen's pleasure.

In those early days, as Mr Justice Chapman has recorded, there was “no appeal or writ of error from one Judge to the other – for that would be inconsistent with the spirit of English law”. A Full Court must await the appointment of another Judge. But in 1846, a quaint “Court of Appeals” was established. It comprised the Governor and the Executive Council, but with the exclusion of the only lawyer on the Council, the Attorney-General. Its function was to hear appeals from the Supreme Court, “only for error of law apparent in the record”: Supreme Court Amendment Ordinance (Session VII, No. 3). It is doubtful whether the “Court” ever operated, as its jurisdiction was always suspect, and it is clear from one appeal at least that the Attorney-General preferred the Privy Council to his lay colleagues. (See The Queen v. Clarke (1851) N.Z.P.C.C. 516.)

(1879–1959).

New Zealand High Commissioner in London (1936–51).

A new biography of Jordan, William Joseph appears in the Dictionary of New Zealand Biography on this site.

Jordan was born at Ramsgate, Kent, on 19 May 1879, the son of Captain William Joseph Jordan, a lifeboatman, and of Eliza, née Catt. He was educated at St. Elizabeth's Parochial School, Old Street, London, and in 1892 apprenticed to a coach painter, but soon gave this up to join the Metropolitan Police in which he served as a constable. He emigrated to New Zealand in 1904, where he worked as a labourer in the Manawatu, Nelson, and Wellington districts. He then entered business as a trader at Waihi, later moving to Ngaruawahia, where he married Winifred Amy (died 1950), daughter of Louth Bycroft.

When the New Zealand Labour Party was formed in 1907, Jordan became first secretary. He volunteered with the 1st NZEF in 1914, serving as a sergeant in France, where he was wounded. He defeated Sir Frederick Lang for Manukau in 1922, remaining a member of the House of Representatives until 1936. He attended the Empire Labour Party Conference in Canada (1928) and became president of the New Zealand Labour Party in 1933. When Labour took office in 1935 he accepted the High Commissionership in London, a post he occupied from 1936 to 1951. There he strode on to a world stage, acting as New Zealand representative at international conferences, and becoming president of the League of Nations Council in 1938. He remained in London throughout the war, representing New Zealand at the Paris Peace Conference in 1946. He became K.C.M.G. in 1951. On his return to Auckland, he resumed an active business career, and served on local bodies. There he married, in 1952, Mrs Elizabeth Ross Reid. He died in Mater Misericordiae Hospital, Auckland, on 8 April 1959.

Forthright in all his opinions (he saw no inconsistency in combining the functions of Methodist lay preacher with those of Anglican church warden), Jordan became a legend in his lifetime. His inflexible rule that New Zealand politics did not exist in London endeared him to all who met him, while his easy approachability went far to ease the lot of thousands of New Zealand servicemen who were in London during the war. He left an estate valued at £28,040, and directed that the “Jordan Fruit Panel Bowl”, originally presented to him by the London Fruit Panel, should be a trophy for cricket matches between England and New Zealand teams, on the lines of the Australian “Ashes”.

by Bernard John Foster, M.A., Research Officer, Department of Internal Affairs, Wellington.

• Dominion, 9 Apr, 21 May 1959 (Obit)
• The Times (London), 9 Apr 1959 (Obit).

(1809–69).

Pioneer Otago whaler, farmer, and merchant.

A new biography of Jones, John appears in the Dictionary of New Zealand Biography on this site.

John Jones was born in Sydney in early 1809, the son of Thomas Jones, a “settler” of New South Wales. Jones was always reticent about his Sydney background, but from the statement made to T. M. Hocken by Jones's old whaling associate, David Carey, and from various contemporary reports such as Sewell noted in his Journal, it is evident that for Jones this period was one best forgotten. While still a youth Jones was sealing in New Zealand waters somewhere about the year 1825. He then became a waterman in Sydney Harbour and by the age of 20 had acquired enough money from one source or another to take shares in three whaling vessels working along the New Zealand coast. He was so successful that in 1834 – the picture now becomes clearer – he took over, with a partner, George Bunn's shore whaling station at Preservation Inlet. In the following year they bought the Sydney Packet (Captain James Bruce) which was fitted out for bay whaling. The success of this venture encouraged Jones to acquire a chain of whaling stations which ran from Foveaux Strait as far north as Waikouaiti, on the Otago coast. By 1839 Jones was at the height of prosperity and owned a fleet of coasting vessels whose names, Micmac, Lynx, Magnet, Jessie, Genii, and Success, were deservedly well known in the trade. In that year he claimed to own seven whaling establishments which employed 280 men, with an outlay of £15,000.

But, like many other Sydney speculators, Jones had over-reached himself, and when oil prices slumped he lost heavily. To add to his difficulties the Sydney Packet went ashore at Moeraki, Otago, in July 1837, followed two years later by the loss of the Lynx at New River, Foveaux Strait. Perhaps with the idea of securing a more solid basis for investment, Jones began to purchase land in various parts of the South Island. In October 1838 he bought from the Southern Chief Tuhawaiki large tracts in South Otago and in eastern Southland. Again, in 1839 through his agent, Captain Bruce, he acquired from the chiefs Karetai and Taiaroa considerable areas in the vicinity of Waikouaiti. Finally, in February 1840, as a member of a Sydney syndicate, Jones shared in what purported to be the purchase of the entire South Island, the vendors being a number of South Island chiefs who were visiting Port Jackson. When British sovereignty was established in New Zealand by the Treaty of Waitangi, Jones argued the legality of these transactions before the Land Claims Commissioners who granted him the maximum area of 2,500 acres. Later negotiations, however, gave him a further 8,500 acres of unsold land within the Province of Otago.

Meanwhile, the cultivation of land at Cherry Farm, Waikouaiti, had begun as early as 1838, and when matters went from bad to worse at Sydney Jones decided to turn his whaling station into an organised settlement. In February 1840 he dispatched the Magnet to his Waikouaiti station with a dozen or so families, as many children, a sprinkling of single men, some 20 head of cattle, and provisions. With the idea of giving stability to the venture Jones had applied in 1839 to the Wesleyan Missionary Society for a resident missionary. The board agreed, and on 15 May 1840 the Rev. J. Watkin arrived to found the first mission station in the South Island. At first the settlement was left to its own devices. As whaling was in decline Jones busied himself in general trade, and his schooner Scotia was soon well known along the southern coasts. His New Zealand partner or agent was W. M. Bannatyne, who in 1842 was in business in Wellington as a merchant. In that year, when the slump brought disaster to Sydney, Jones decided to settle at Waikouaiti where progress, if any, had been slight. In August 1843 Jones's family arrived and made their home at Prospect Farm, Matanaka, Jones himself for the next five years dividing his time between Otago and Wellington. At Waikouaiti Jones was very much the feudal overlord, a hard but, on the whole, just taskmaster. In 1844 he claimed to have over 2,000 acres under cultivation, well stocked with sheep, cattle, and horses, and early visitors to the district, such as Bishop Selwyn and David Monro, were certainly generous in their praise.

When the Scottish Free Church settlement was established at Dunedin in March 1848, Jones was able to draw upon his farm for supplies which he sold at fair prices. As business tended to centre more in Dunedin, Jones moved there in 1854 to face the threat of competition from his Free Church rival, James Macandrew, who, in order to stimulate trade, had in circulation a note currency of sorts. In self defence, Jones issued his own notes, payable three days after date at Dunedin or Waikouaiti, and by 1861, it is said, he had as much as £20,000 in circulation throughout the province.

Perhaps Jones's greatest contribution to the progress of the infant settlement was the steady growth of his shipping interests which linked the southern ports both with the north and with Sydney. In 1854 he purchased the brig Thomas and Henry to add to his fleet and, in partnership with the firm of John and E. B. Cargill, bought the paddle steamer Geelong for coastal work. When this partnership ended in June 1860, Jones founded the Harbour Steam Navigation Co., almost on the eve of the Otago gold rush. He soon won a generous share of the passenger and cargo traffic between Dunedin and Port Chalmers, and he strengthened his position by securing a contract from the Provincial Council of Otago to run regular services from Dunedin to other southern ports. At the time of his death Jones owned a three-quarter share in five small steamers and two schooners. In the reorganisation which followed, another Harbour Steam Navigation Co. came into being which in due course grew into the Union Steam Ship Co. of New Zealand.

Jones took little part in public life. In February 1851 he was one of 11 shareholders who launched the Otago Witness, successor to the ill-starred Otago News, though his interests here were slight. As a Justice of the Peace, he served for a time in the early fifties on the local Bench of Magistrates, one among a number of amusing oddities. In 1855 he headed the poll for the Dunedin Town Board and in the following year was its chairman. When he moved from Waikouaiti to Dunedin he set himself up with some pretension to style and purchased the Fern Hill property of Captain E. H. W. Bellairs. Before long the old wooden building was replaced by a massive stone mansion, now the Fernhill Club. It was here that Jones died on 16 March 1869, aged 60. His wife Sarah, née Sizemore, whom he had married in Sydney in 1830, had predeceased him, dying at Dunedin on 22 September 1864, aged 57. They had 11 children, two of whom died in infancy.

Jones was a man of mixed qualities. He had been reared in a hard – even brutal – school, and it is scarcely to be wondered at that in his prime he was feared for his uncertain temper and summary actions. Yet he had his own crude notions of justice and honour and, as long as he was not thwarted or opposed, could play the part of a benevolent despot. In many ways he was generous and well meaning and gave freely to deserving causes. In later years, if he failed to win the affection of the community, he had at least its respect. Hocken, who knew Jones only in his last years, described him as then having a round, ruddy face crowned with beautiful silver hair. He generally appeared in public dressed in a black broadcloth suit of no particular cut, a coat with capacious flapped side pockets, a squat top hat, and a loose silk necktie, the overall picture suggesting a prosperous farmer in his Sunday best. It was a far cry from Jones's Sydney waterman days, but this impression of benignity personified made a strong appeal to a generation already romanticising the pioneering era.

by Alexander Hare McLintock, C.B.E., M.A., DIP.ED. (N.Z.), PH.D.(LOND.), Parliamentary Historian, Wellington.

• John Jones of Otago, Eccles, A., and Reed, A. H. (1949)
• New Zealand Notables – First Series, Burdon, R. M. (1941)
• History of Otago, McLintock, A. H. (1949)
• Otago Daily Times, 17 Mar 1869 (Obit).

(1815–70) and Edward (1825–94).

Canterbury pioneers.

Francis, a farmer, and Edward, an explorer and surveyor, both took an active part in local politics. They were the first and fourth sons of the Rev. Francis Jollie, of Brampton, near Carlisle. Of Huguenot stock, the family had fled from France to Scotland and then settled in Cumberland. Francis arrived at Nelson in the Fifeshire, 1 February 1842, and took up land at Wakapuaka. He called his home “Thackwood” and was the first to grow hops in New Zealand. He acted as the local agent for the New Zealand Company and stood for the superintendency of Nelson but was defeated by Stafford.

In 1853 Francis Jollie moved to South Canterbury, taking up land at Peel Forest where he lived for the rest of his life. In 1858 he went to England for a year and on his return married Jane, eldest surviving daughter of the Rev. Blakeley Cooper, Rector of Newcombe, and widow of the Rev. George Fort Cooper, of Yetminster. He represented Timaru in the House of Representatives from 1861 to 1866, and Gladstone from 1866 to 1870. He was Colonial Treasurer in the Stafford Ministry in 1866. He died at Peel Forest on 30 November 1870. A man of integrity and sound judgment, he was an ardent fighter for his district's rights.

Edward was born on 1 September 1825 and left England at the age of 16 in the Brougham as a New Zealand Company survey cadet. He landed at Wellington in February 1842 and was employed there until 1845 when, owing to financial difficulties, the company was forced to terminate his agreement. He then farmed with his brother Francis at Nelson for a year until he joined Wylie and Wills on surveying work in Otago. When this was completed in June 1847, he returned to Nelson. When the Canterbury Association's advance party under Captain Thomas began work in earnest on the Canterbury Plains, Jollie was offered a position as surveyor and arrived at Lyttelton in August 1849 in the Supply together with Thomas Brunner who had recently returned from his exploration of the West Coast. Jollie was employed in laying out the towns of Lyttelton, Sumner, and Christchurch until March 1850 when all survey work in the Canterbury settlement was suspended owing to lack of finance. He remained in Canterbury for another year doing casual contract work, and then in March and April 1852, with E. J. Lee, he was the first to drive sheep overland from Nelson to Canterbury via the pass which now bears his name. The two took up Parnassus Station on the Waiau River shortly afterwards, and Jollie was there on and off until 1857. With Hewlings, he surveyed the country between the Rangitata and the Waitaki Rivers and fixed the western part of Otago's boundary. Jollie then gave up surveying and in 1861 married Caroline, daughter of the Rev. John Muggeridge Orsmond, of Auckland. They made their home at “Beachcroft” in the Ellesmere district.

Jollie was a member of the Provincial Council for Heathcote in 1865, and for Selwyn from 1866 to 1876, and served in the Executive both as a member and chairman. From 1865 to 1866 he succeeded Rolleston as Provincial Secretary. In 1875 he sold Beachcroft and visited England and Europe until 1884 when he returned and bought land at Patea in Taranaki. He had also an interest in the Napier land and estate business of Jollie, Fulton, and Co. He died at Waireka, near Patea, on 7 August 1894. Edward Jollie was a man of many and varied interests. He played an important part in the foundation and early life of the Canterbury settlement both before and after the arrival of the main body of settlers.

by Peter Bromley Maling, G.M., M.SC.(N.Z.), M.B., B.S. (LOND.), M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., Medical Practitioner and Author, Christchurch.

• Reminiscences, 1841–65 (MSS), Jollie, E. (Turnbull Library)
• The Torlesse Papers (1848–51) (ed.) Maling, P. B. (1950)
• The Natural History of Canterbury (jt.-ed.), Speight, R., Laing, R. M., and Wall, A. (1927).

John Dory (Zeus japonicus), known to the Maoris as kuparu, is a related fish to the European species from which, according to legend, St. Peter is credited with obtaining the tribute money. The finger- and thumb-print markings on the sides of these fishes were, to the credulous, irrefutable evidence of the truth of the legend. John Dory is a food fish of good quality and flavour and is frequently seen in the fish markets, especially in Auckland. It grows to about 18 in. in length and feeds largely on small fishes and shrimps which it engulfs by a sudden camera-bellows-like extension of the mouth. It makes curious grunting noises when captured.

by Arthur William Baden Powell, Assistant Director, Auckland Institute and Museum.

The story of the Jew in New Zealand begins with white settlement. As early as 1829 Cooper and Levy, a Sydney part-Jewish firm, had an agent in New Zealand. A year later Joseph Barrow Montefiore visited the North Island to establish trading ports, but though he continued trading for some years he did not settle. The first Jewish settler was Joel Samuel Polack, who lived at Kororareka in the thirties and recorded the story of his life there in two books (published 1838).

Among the directors of the New Zealand Company was Sir Isaac Lyon Goldsmid, while there were several Jewish land purchasers. Three Jews came in the first 700 colonists to settle at Port Nicholson. In the north several Jewish firms trading at Russell moved to Auckland with the transfer of the seat of government. It was in that town in October 1841 that the first Jewish service was held when David Nathan, founder of L. D. Nathan and Co., was married. By 1848 there were 61 Jews in the colony. Ten years later there were 188, mostly in Auckland. The gold discoveries of the sixties attracted more and the figure grew to 3,216 in 1861, with a decline to 1,424 in 1878. From then on the growth was less rapid and in 1901 there were 1,611; in 1921, 2,380; in 1945, 3,470; and in 1961, 4,006. As a percentage of the total population, the Jewish group has remained fairly static at 0·2 per cent, but these numbers refer to those professing the Hebrew religion and are probably an understatement. Today there are synagogues in the four main centres, the congregation in Dunedin being the most southern in the world. Three synagogues, established at Nelson, Hokitika, and Timaru, are no longer in existence. New Zealand Jewry does not emphasise its Jewish affiliations through public worship or through strict adherence to orthodox Jewish practices. Indeed, there has been considerable intermarriage between Jew and Christian and, as a result, it is probable that many have been lost to the faith, particularly where the children have been brought up as Christians.

The early Jewish arrivals were mainly from England, many living there temporarily en route from the Continent. From about 1880 Jews arriving in New Zealand came from Poland and Russia, having been driven from their homes by Czarist persecution. A few, too few, in the years prior to the commencement of the Second World War escaped from Nazi persecution to find refuge in this country. Generally, there has been little anti-Semitic feeling in evidence. Considerable horror was expressed at the treatment of Jews by the Russians and, later, by the Germans. At the same time, however, little effort was made to welcome refugees and a campaign to prevent the admission of Jews to New Zealand was waged by a few.

Despite their small numbers, the Jews have played an important role in New Zealand life. In business, many important firms were originally established by Jews. L. D. Nathan and Co. is the oldest business in the country, while Joseph Nathan and Co. first produced “Glaxo” in New Zealand, though it now operates principally in England. Levin and Co. is another well-known commercial firm. In the brewing industry Hancock and Co. (now part of New Zealand Breweries) and Ballin Brothers were largely the work of the Davis and Ballin families. Bing Harris and Co., the D.I.C., and Hallenstein Brothers, with large interests in the clothing industry, were Jewish in origin. One of New Zealand's most famous politicians was Sir Julius Vogel, who was twice Premier, but he was not the only Jew to sit in Parliament. The names of Vogel, Benjamin Farjeon, and Frederick Pirani are as important in New Zealand journalism as that of Sir Louis Edward Barnett in medicine. Sir Michael Myers was Chief Justice from 1931 to 1946 and many other Jews have been prominent at the Bar. Cities and towns throughout New Zealand have benefited from Jewish generosity. It is difficult to choose, but perhaps the names of Myers, in Auckland, Levin, in Wellington, and Willi Fels, in Dunedin should be mentioned.

Life has not been difficult for the New Zealand Jew. In return he has contributed greatly to the country's development in almost every sphere.

by James Oakley Wilson, D.S.C., M.COM., A.L.A., Chief Librarian, General Assembly Library, Wellington.

• History of the Jews in New Zealand, Goldman, L. M. (1958).

(1821–97).

Military engineer, Colonel-Commandant of the Royal Engineers, Twelfth Governor of New Zealand.

A new biography of Jervois, William Francis Drummond appears in the Dictionary of New Zealand Biography on this site.

Jervois was born at Bowes, Isle of Wight, on 10 September 1821, the son of General William Jervois, K.H., Colonel of the 76th Foot, and of Elizabeth, daughter of William Maitland. Jervois was educated at Royal Military Academy, Woolwich (1837–41), and served (1842–49) in Cape Colony, where he undertook several original surveys. The quality of his work brought him to the notice of Lord Raglan, and led to his appointment (1849–62) to increasingly important military posts at home. As Assistant Inspector-General of Fortifications at the War Office, he became responsible for the greater part of Britain's coastal defence. As his fame spread, Jervois was consulted on colonial defences. Between 1862 and 1874 he reported on defence schemes for Canada, Bermuda, Malta, Gibraltar, Aden, India, and Burma. He became Governor of the Straits Settlements (1875), and while there undertook the Perak expedition in which he avenged the British military reverse at Passir-sala. In April 1877 he was appointed defence adviser to the Australasian colonies and, in July, Governor of South Australia. He held the two positions concurrently, visiting all the colonies except Western Australia, and reporting on defence schemes. In November 1882 he was appointed Governor of New Zealand, where he remained until March 1889. Jervois urged the preparation of coastal defence works for New Zealand, writing and lecturing extensively on the subject, and before he left had the satisfaction of witnessing the completion of the defence system he had planned. On his departure colonists farewelled “the best and most popular Governor that New Zealand had ever had”.

Jervois married, on 19 March 1850, Lucy, daughter of William Norsworthy, and by her had two sons and three daughters. He died on 16 August 1897 at Bitterne, Hampshire, from the effects of a carriage accident.

by Bernard John Foster, M.A., Research Officer, Department of Internal Affairs, Wellington.

• Proceedings of Institution of Civil Engineers, Vol. CXXX (Obit)
• The Times (London), 18 Aug 1897 (Obit).

The common jellyfish, Aurelia, belongs to a very primitive group of organisms, the coelenterates. These are peculiar in that they have only one opening to their alimentary canal which is situated in the middle of the under surface of the umbrella, and serves both to take in food and to discharge waste. Around the mouth are a number of stinging cells which paralyse the prey before it is eaten. Aurelia, however, feeds mostly on tiny plankton organisms and is harmless to man, though some other members of the coelenterate family can produce a very painful sting.

by Richard Morrison Cassie, M.SC.(N.Z.), D.SC.(AUCK.), Senior Lecturer in Zoology, University of Auckland.

(1859–1935).

Second Governor-General of New Zealand (1920–24).

A new biography of Jellicoe, John Henry Rushworth appears in the Dictionary of New Zealand Biography on this site.

Lord Jellicoe was born at Southampton on 5 December 1859, second son of Captain John Henry Jellicoe of the Royal Mail Line, and Lucy Henrietta, née Keele, of a family with three generations' association with the Navy. He was educated at Rottingdean, entering the Navy as a cadet (1872), and proceeding to the Royal Navy College (1878–80) where he graduated a lieutenant. He served in the Egyptian War (1882), and in 1893 was on HMS Victoria when she collided with HMS Camperdown. Present at the cession of Wei-hei-wei (1898), Jellicoe, later, as Chief of Staff to Sir Edward Seymour, was gravely wounded on the march to Tientsin. In 1902 he married Florence Gwendoline, daughter of Sir Charles Cazer, Bt., by whom he had one son and five daughters.

Jellicoe served on the Admiralty Committee on Naval Design (1904), afterwards participating in Quebec's tercentenary celebrations. Thereafter in rapid succession he became Director of Naval Ordnance, Controller of the Navy, Commander Atlantic Fleet, Commander Second Squadron Home Fleet, and Second Sea Lord. In the First World War he commanded the Grand Fleet (1914–16) and, after the Battle of Jutland (1916), became First Lord, Chief of Naval Staff, and Viscount. In 1919–20 a naval mission in HMS New Zealand took him to all the Dominions except South Africa. In 1920 W. F. Massey warmly supported the appointment of Jellicoe as Governor-General of New Zealand, an office which he most capably filled, and in a manner which showed that he was aware of its changing constitutional values. Ministers frequently sought, and valued, Jellicoe's advice.

A great sportsman, he was patron of practically every yacht club in New Zealand, and competed unsuccessfully in his 14-footer Iron Duke in the first series of races for the Sanders Cup, which he had presented. He was Grand Master of the New Zealand Masonic Lodge, and on his retirement (1924) was created an Earl.

Jellicoe wrote three books based on naval experiences: The Grand Fleet 1914–16, Crisis in the Great War, and Submarine Peril. He retired to Lawrence Hall, Isle of Wight, where he died on 20 November 1935.

by Bernard John Foster, M.A., Research Officer, Department of Internal Affairs, Wellington.

• Life of Earl Jellicoe, Bacon, R. H. S. (1936).

(1929– ).

Rugby footballer.

A new biography of Jarden, Ronald Alexander appears in the Dictionary of New Zealand Biography on this site.

p>Ronald Alexander Jarden was born at Lower Hutt on 14 December 1929, was educated in North Canterbury; at Hutt Valley High School; and Victoria Univ. College. He first distinguished himself as a Wellington representative player in 1948 in the wing three-quarter position. In 1951 he toured Australia with the New Zealand Universities team and his outstanding ability soon won him wide recognition. He represented New Zealand in the All Blacks each year from 1951 to 1956. In these years he represented New Zealand in 37 matches, scoring 213 points. In all, Jarden played in 134 first-class matches over the period 1946–57, accumulating the impressive total of 945 points. He retired from the game in 1956 and, in 1961, published Rugby on Attack.