(Onchorhynchus tschawytcha).

One of the five species of Pacific salmon, the quinnat, also called chinook, king, or spring salmon, was acclimatised and is running in rivers of the east coast of Canterbury and north Otago. Quinnat are cold-water fish and their occurrence along the New Zealand coast seems to be controlled by the extent of the sub-Antarctic currents. Strictly speaking, quinnat salmon are ocean dwelling, ascending rivers in autumn (February-April) only to spawn, but it is only during this migration that they are fished for by anglers. Their movements while at sea are not known. Quinnat salmon are New Zealand's largest freshwater fish (except for the occasional large eel). Adults are 15–20 lb in weight, with a few reaching 25 lb. They are silver in colour, tinted a faint pink or orange, with the back a greenish brown on which are numerous darker spots; although after a few weeks in fresh water they become darker overall as they mature and, after spawning, die. Spawned fish have badly eroded tails and often become infected with a white fungus before dying. In most New Zealand salmon rivers they spawn in stable tributaries in the foothills, although suitable spawning gravels occur a few miles from the mouth. Eggs are laid in large redds similar to those made by trout, but located in deeper and swifter water. They hatch after two months, the young fish (parr) staying and feeding in the same area. Then the following autumn the parr markings disappear and the fish (smolts), now silvery and about 4 in. long, migrate downstream and enter the sea, returning in two to four years as adult salmon. About 50 per cent of the salmon spend three years at sea. A few smolts go to sea during their first summer, the majority in the autumn, and some remain in the river until their second year.

by Lawrence James Paul, B.SC., Fisheries Division, Marine Department, Wellington.

(Salmo salar).

These fish now occur only in Lakes Te Anau and Manapouri and the Waiau River system. Atlantic salmon usually live in the sea, returning to the rivers only to spawn. In New Zealand the Atlantic salmon in Lakes Te Anau and Manapouri mature in the lakes and migrate into the rivers to spawn and are regarded as “land-locked” fish. The Te Anau salmon average only 4 lb, whereas European sea-run salmon average 20 Ib, and may reach 100 lb. Atlantic salmon may be distinguished from trout by their slimmer body, which is more rounded in cross section, and by their less spotted blue back and silvery sides.

by Lawrence James Paul, B.SC., Fisheries Division, Marine Department, Wellington.

(1831–1922).

Administrator and classicist.

A new biography of Sale, George Samuel appears in the Dictionary of New Zealand Biography on this site.

Sale was born in 1831 at Rugby, where his father, John Shaw Sale, was a master at Rugby School under the celebrated Dr Arnold. Sale was educated at Rugby and in 1850 was admitted to Trinity College, Cambridge, where he graduated B.A. in 1854. He became a fellow in 1856 and graduated M.A. with first-class honours in classics and second-class in mathematics the following year. He lectured in classics for some time but was forced by overwork to seek a change of occupation.

In 1860 he arrived in Canterbury on the Minerva and managed Ross and Harper's Lake Coleridge station for four months. From May to October 1861 he edited the Press under James Edward FitzGerald, leaving to try gold mining in Otago where he worked at Blue Spur and Monroe's Gully. On the nomination of William Rolleston, he was appointed Canterbury Provincial Treasurer in June 1864. When gold was discovered in Westland, Sale was appointed Commissioner to the Goldfields, with the subsidiary offices of Warden, Judge, Provincial Sub-Treasurer, and Resident Magistrate, and with all Government Departments responsible to him. His wide powers and autocratic manner earned him the title of “King Sale” from the miners, but the banker George Preshaw considered that “a man of more business capacity, purer disinterestedness and sterner integrity never trod the shores of Westland”. When relations between Canterbury and Westland were tense, Sale bore the blame for the Provincial Government's shortcomings, but he gradually won local approval, being elected to a seat on the first Hokitika County Council. In 1869 he resigned to return home for family reasons.

He entered Lincoln's Inn with the intention of being called to the Bar but was appointed to the chair of Classics at the new University of Otago, arriving to take up his position in 1871. Until 1877 he occupied the chairs of Classics and English literature, and of Classics alone until his retirement in 1908. Sale had rejected the narrow classical tradition in which he had been educated and sought to provide a true appreciation of classical literature through a liberal education that would “enlarge the powers, cultivate the taste and refine the manner”. A demanding teacher, he was impatient of mediocrity, exacting from others the standards he imposed upon himself. His wide administrative experience was an immense asset to the University. While the creation of the University of New Zealand and its relationship to other academic institutions were under consideration, he pressed for the recognition of the rights of constituent colleges and the need to ensure adequate academic standards. He served on the 1879 Royal Commission on Universities and from 1877 until his retirement was a member of the Senate of the University of New Zealand; at the same time he was active in the administration of the University of Otago, serving both on the Professorial Board and on the Council.

Austere and reserved, Sale was a man of high ideals and intellectual honesty, while his personal code forbade any attempt to court public opinion. He endured periods of unpopularity with cold courage. A charming and genial companion to his intimates, he loved cricket and was an ardent supporter of the Otago Rugby Union. He possessed a fine bass voice and conducted his own choir for some years. A devout Anglican, he took an active part in the establishment of Selwyn College, Dunedin.

Sale married Margaret Fortune in 1874. On his retirement he returned to England where he died on 26 December 1922.

by Gloria Margaret Strathern, B.A., DIP.N.Z.L.S. formerly Librarian, Hocken Library, Dunedin.

• Banking Under Difficulties, Preshaw, G. O. (1888)
• A History of Otago University, Thomson, G. E. (1921)
• Otago Daily Times, 18 Jun 1955.

(1827–94).

Politician, administrator, writer.

A new biography of Pyke, Vincent appears in the Dictionary of New Zealand Biography on this site.

Pyke was born in Somersetshire, England, on 4 February 1827. He went out to South Australia in 1851 and from there walked to the Victorian diggings, spending two years as a gold miner in the Bendigo neighbourhood. In 1853 he opened a store at Forest Creek and soon became a person of consequence among the miners, who appointed him their spokesman to expound their grievances to the Governor. In 1855 and again in 1856 he was elected representative of Castlemaine on the Legislative Council of Victoria, not yet a wholly elected body. In 1857 he was appointed immigration agent for Victoria and in that capacity visited England. On his return late in 1858 he was appointed Warden and Magistrate at Sandhurst. Some 18 months later he was persuaded to give up this salaried post to re-enter politics. In Parliament again he was made Commissioner of Trade and Customs and later President of the Board of Lands and Works and Commissioner of Lands and Surveys. In 1861 he was elected for the seventh time to represent Castlemaine.

In 1862 Pyke paid a visit to Otago and late in that year was induced by the Provincial Government to accept an appointment as Secretary (often called “Commissioner”) of the goldfields. His five years in this office (until the General Government took over the functions) were invaluable to the Otago Province, as Pyke's Australian experience enabled him to draft regulations which fostered the development of the mining industry, while public order was maintained at a better level than in Australia. He was personally popular, as he constantly travelled through the goldfields delivering informative lectures to the miners. In 1867 Pyke was appointed Warden and Magistrate at Dunstan; later he moved to Clyde. In 1873 Pyke was elected to Parliament for Wakatipu and represented the constituency (whose boundaries in 1875 included Dunstan) until 1890, when he was defeated in a contest for Mount Ida by Scobie Mackenzie. He returned to Parliament in 1893 representing Tuapeka.

Pyke's parliamentary career was largely preoccupied with forwarding the interests of Central Otago, particularly in agitating for the building of railways to open up the area, and for the completion of a road over the Haast Pass. In September 1880 he embarrassed Parliament by the stridency of his advocacy and had to be suspended by the Speaker. As a Liberal he was always alert to uphold the interests of small men, protesting vigorously in 1882 at the method of auctioning off leasehold properties which generally enabled the original large runholders to obtain the freehold. In 1883 he secured an addition to police pay. After Macandrew's death in 1887 the leadership of Otago devolved upon Pyke. In March 1888 he was sent to Victoria as the Government's representative at the Melbourne Exhibition.

The abolition of the provinces in 1876 saw the setting up of a system of local government. Elected to the council of Vincent County (named after him when an opponent's ironical suggestion was taken seriously), he became its first chairman, holding office until 1882 when he left the council. He sometimes found it difficult to preserve the impartiality of the chair and antagonised the Cromwell end of the county when in 1877 he gave his deliberative vote for Cromwell as the county town but, finding the voting even, gave his chairman's casting vote, which prevailed, for Clyde. Cromwell's hanging him in effigy was offset by the series of presentations with which he was regularly complimented towards the end of his career. In February 1889, for instance, his satisfied supporters at Clyde gave him a purse of 200 sovereigns.

Vincent Pyke was active as a journalist and writer. In 1874 he edited the Southern Mercury in Dunedin and at a later stage the Guardian and had been associated with Dunedin Punch. His novels Wild Will Enderby (1873) and The Adventures of George Washington Pratt (1874) were published in Dunedin and in Melbourne and were popular with contemporaries. His first-hand knowledge of the goldfields gave them colour and pace if not more than conventional links with human psychology. At least they reflect the outlook and prejudices of the rough but usually goodhearted miners. Pyke wrote other fiction (one story under the name of Renwick, his wife's maiden name), some old identity stories about West Otago, and some handbooks.

Pyke died at Lawrence on 5 June 1894.

In 1846, at Bristol, England, Pyke married Frances Elizabeth Renwick by whom he had four sons and one daughter.

Pyke, while not a man of wide views or particularly well educated, had obvious virtues. He had made himself serviceable to communities normally lacking in restraint and helped them to remain orderly, and as a politician he showed an obstinate loyalty to his own Central Otago constituents which transcended his party loyalty and made him appear narrow and provincial in Parliament: as McLintock has put it, “his dictatorial manner, supported by a very real talent for sustained invective, made friend and foe alike shrink from the lash of his displeasure”. His appearance was against him: “he had to fight his battles handicapped by a stout and rather comic figure, combined with a puckish manner which made it difficult for him at times to compel the attention that most of his arguments deserved”. (Parcell). A eulogistic poem published after his death by Thomas Bracken admitted he was not without faults (“I hate your faultless men”) and ended with “his heart was bigger than his head”. Pyke served in the legislatures of two countries and successfully undertook administrative tasks which required resource, diligence, and common sense. He identified himself completely with the district of his adoption and earned the respect and gratitude of its people.

by David Oswald William Hall, M.A., Director, Adult Education, University of Otago (retired).

• The History of Otago, McLintock, A. H. (1949)
• The Heart of the Desert, Parcell, J. C. (1951)
• New Zealand Literature, McCormick, E. H. (1959).

Puysegur Point is a prominent headland on the south side of Preservation Inlet in the extreme south-western part of the South Island, lying some 90 miles west of the port of Bluff. It is permanently occupied by a few families and staff of the lighthouse and radiotelephone station. Present access is entirely by sea, via a landing point and road at Otago's Retreat. The adjoining coast and surrounding country is rugged and heavily forested. The climate of Puysegur Point is strongly influenced by the mountain ranges of the South Island. These deflect the prevailing westerly winds of middle latitudes so that they pass around Puysegur Point as a strong wind from the north-west. On the average, winds over 40 m.p.h. (gale force) occur on 100 days of the year, while on 14 of these days winds over 70 m.p.h. are experienced. On a few days winds over 100 m.p.h. have been recorded. Strong winds are usually from the north-west. The proximity of the mountain ranges results in a fairly substantial rainfall, the average annual total being around 90 in. Numerous wrecks have occurred in the vicinity, including that of the s.s. Waikare in Dusky Sound in 1910. Gold mining has been carried out in the district in the past and between 1894 and 1903 at least 9,317 ozs of gold were won from quartz lodes. An unknown amount of gold was also obtained from alluvial deposits on the coastal beaches near the point, and there seems little doubt that much still remains. The severe climate and difficulty of working will probably preclude economic gold-mining in the future. Coal is also present nearby but only in small quantities.

The name Puysegur was given by Jules de Blosseville, midshipman of La Coquille. In 1826 he published an account of the region, together with a map on which appears the name Puysegur, probably in honour of the French navigator M. de Puységur (1752–1809).

by Bryce Leslie Wood, M.SC., New Zealand Geological Survey, Dunedin.

Putaruru is situated among hills in the upper basin of the Waihou River. The town occupies a flat to gently undulating site, and to the east the land rises to the Mamaku Range. The Hamilton-Rotorua section of railway and the Hamilton-Taupo main highway pass through Putaruru. By road Putaruru is 40 miles south-east of Hamilton (53 miles by rail), 33 miles north-west of Rotorua (32 miles by rail), 19 miles south of Matamata (18 miles by rail), and 58½ miles north-west of Taupo. A branch railway provides a goods service to and from Tokoroa (14 miles south-east), and Kinleith (18 miles south-east).

Dairying, with some sheep raising, is the main farming activity of the district. There is a large dairy factory at Tirau (6 miles north). Extensive afforested areas, containing chiefly Pinus radiata, lie to the south and south-east of Putaruru. Large sawmills and pulp and paper mills are located at Kinleith. There are timber milling settlements at Pinedale (3 miles east), Ngatira (8 miles south-east), Wiltsdown (10 miles south), Te Whetu (18 miles south-east), and Waotu (12 miles south-west). The Arapuni hydro-electric power station, on the Waikato River, is 9 miles east. Putaruru is chiefly a timber handling and processing centre, but it also serves as a market town. Industrial activities include the manufacture of joinery, furniture, wooden boxes, precut houses and other buildings, concrete products, clothing, and general and structural engineering.

There were several Maori settlements in the Putaruru district in precolonisation times. During Te Rauparaha's migration to the Cook Strait area in the 1820s, many Ngati Raukawa people who occupied these settlements moved to Rangitikei and Manawatu localities. Others followed after the siege of Orakau in 1864. Te Kooti and his followers were pursued through the district early in 1870 by a force under Lt.-Col. Thomas McDonnell. The Patetere Block, containing the future town site of Putaruru, was acquired from the Maoris in the 1860s. In the early 1880s large areas in the Putaruru district came into the possession of the Patetere Land Company but from 1883 much of this land passed into the hands of the Thames Valley Land Company. The first settler in the Putaruru district bought his section in 1892. Roadmaking was commenced in the late 1880s but the railway, which was begun by the Thames Valley and Rotorua Railway Co., was the most important factor in the progress of settlement in the area. It reached Oxford (Tirau) on 8 March 1886 and on 21 June, Lichfield (5 miles south-east of Putaruru). In 1889 the Putaruru-Rotorua section was begun and was completed on 8 December 1894. In the eighties Putaruru consisted of little more than a hotel and a blacksmith's shop. In the early 1900s the Taupo Totara Timber Company acquired bush blocks in country north and north-west of Lake Taupo and erected a mill at Kopokorahi, near the present Kinleith. A light railway was constructed linking the Kopokorahi Mill and the Mokai Mill (51 miles south-east) with Putaruru. By 1905 logs were transported to Putaruru via this line, and by 1908 passengers and goods. The dismantling of this line began in 1944 but in 1948 the Ministry of Works began to construct an 18-mile branch line to Kinleith to serve the new pulp, paper, and sawmills. This was completed on 6 October 1952.

Exotic afforestation was begun in the district some time after 1910 by a land and timber company with an outlet to the Hamilton-Rotorua railway near Pinedale. Commercial tree planting with Pinus radiata took place between 1924 and 1928 on the Pinedale Block. Milling began in 1940–41 and by 1951 the area had been cut out and replanted. Larger areas further south were also planted in 1924 for future milling and to provide the raw material for pulp and paper manufacture. The town of Putaruru was surveyed in 1905 and on 18 December an area of 50,987 acres, which had previously been acquired from the Thames Valley Land Co. by the Crown and which included town allotments in Putaruru and Lichfield, was opened by ballot. Much of the land in the Putaruru district suffered from a cobalt deficiency which made farming practically impossible, but since 1935 measures have been taken to restore fertility and farming has expanded. Putaruru was created a town district in 1926; on 1 July 1947 it was constituted a borough.

The correct form of the name is thought to be Putaaruru – “To come forth like a ruru (native owl)”.

POPULATION: 1951 census, 1,872; 1956 census, 2,815; 1961 census, 3,550.

by Brian Newton Davis, M.A., Vicar, St. Philips, Karori West, Wellington and Edward Stewart Dollimore, Research Officer, Department of Lands and Survey, Wellington.

Putangirua Pinnacles are at the head of Putangirua Stream, on the Whatarangi Road to Cape Palliser, 6 miles south-east of Lake Ferry, Wairarapa Valley. Fossiliferous muddy sandstones and siltstones of late Miocene age are exposed in the lower course of the Putangirua Stream, and up stream from them (1 1/3 miles up stream from Whatarangi Road) are thick gravel deposits, called the Putangirua Conglomerate. These actually underlie the fossiliferous strata, but appear up stream because both beds have been tilted in a down-stream direction. The same fossiliferous beds occur in Hurupi Stream (next stream towards Lake Ferry), but the gravels are not well exposed.

Though the gravels are of late Miocene age (about 12–14 million years ago), they are soft and easily eroded and the Putangirua Stream has excavated headwards to form a series of deep gullies (“badlands”) down which rain wash is funnelled vertically. The soft matrix of the gravels is readily removed by the rain wash, but where large boulders occur they shed the water and protect the gravel immediately underlying. After many years of such essentially vertical erosion a series of pinnacles (“earth pillars”) has been produced, each with a capping boulder or local patch of hardened gravel. Many of the present-day pillars have lost their capping rocks and are probably being actively eroded.

by Graeme Roy Stevens, M.SC.(N.Z.), PH.D.(CANTAB.), Paleontologist, New Zealand Geological Survey, Lower Hutt.

(Vitex lucens).

Vitex is principally a widespread tropical genus with the one New Zealand endemic species, and Vitex lucens is a broadleaf tree belonging to a family that is mainly tropical and subtropical. Puriri is a forest tree growing to 40–60 ft high or so. The short trunk is usually very irregular, up to 2–5 ft in diameter and is crowned with a massive head. The leaves are opposite, three to five foliate, each leaflet being elliptic in shape and 2–5 in. long, glossy and dark green. The inflorescence is a small 10- to 15-flowered panicle, each flower being 1 to 1½ in. long and dull red. The fruit is bright red, globose, fleshy on the outside and about ¾ in. through. The range of puriri is in coastal and lowland forests from the north to just below the centre of the North Island. As it grows on fertile soils, it has largely been cleared away from its natural forest; but it is planted widely as an ornamental and street tree.

Although the wood is extremely hard, dense, and heavy, it is difficult to work because of the interlacing fibres. It has been much used in the past for railway sleepers, posts, poles, and piles but supplies are now scarce. The grub of a large moth commonly known as the puriri moth (Charagia virescens) infests the tree, so that the wood is usually defective.

by Alec Lindsay Poole, M.SC., B.FOR.SC., F.R.S.N.Z., Director-General of Forests, Wellington.

(1821–1906).

Clergyman, surgeon, musician.

Arthur Purchas was born in 1821 at St. Avans Grange in the Wye Valley, Monmouthshire, and was the son of Robert Whittlesey Purchas and his wife Marion. He was educated privately and, in 1836, was apprenticed to a doctor at Tintern. In 1839 he entered Guy's Hospital, where he studied under the eminent doctors Addison and Bright. After three years there he gained his M.R.C.S. and L.S.A. and was appointed resident surgeon at Southern and Toxteth Hospital, Liverpool. While still a student Purchas had heard Bishop Selwyn preach on the work he had undertaken in New Zealand. He volunteered immediately, but Selwyn, no doubt recognising the potential value of having a medical missionary in the colony, advised him to complete his studies before coming to New Zealand.

In 1844 Purchas sailed for New Zealand as ship's surgeon in the Slains Castle. He interviewed Selwyn at Nelson and, subsequently, visited Wellington, New Plymouth, and Auckland before returning to England via Sydney. Back in England he busied himself with missionary affairs and in 1845 married Olivia, daughter of Charles Challenor, of Liverpool. Early in 1846 Purchas sailed again for New Zealand and joined the staff of St. John's College, where he gave valuable service as medical officer. Meanwhile, he continued his studies for the ministry and was ordained deacon in 1847 and priest in 1853. Purchas was inducted as vicar of St. Peter's, Onehunga, in 1847 and served this parish until 1875 when he resigned to resume medical practice.

In addition to his activities in medicine and the Church, Purchas possessed many other interests. Mrs Selwyn wrote in her Reminiscences: “… besides acting in his medical capacity he was a great gain to the community from his musical powers, he taught the boys, both English and Maori, to sing and the Chapel services were greatly enhanced by their music”. Later, Purchas was one of the compilers of the New Zealand Church Hymnal and it is also recorded that he helped to found the Sydney Choral Society during his short stay in the city when returning to England from his first visit to New Zealand. There is also evidence for believing that he assisted Selwyn and Thatcher in designing the well-known “Selwyn Churches”. Mrs Selwyn refers to his sketching ability and he certainly did a great deal of architectural work for St. Peter's and its vicarage. Dr Giles, writing to the New Zealand Herald in 1906, said that Purchas designed the famous fortified church of St. Bride's at Mauku.

Purchas was one of the founders of the Auckland Institute and served as its president on several occasions. He was a member of the Scenery Preservation Society and took a keen interest in the Blind Institute from its inception. This latter appealed to his ideal of community service and he not only gave music lessons to the blind but also invented a speedy method of preparing metal plates for printing Braille.

Arthur Purchas's contribution to the growth of the colony will probably never be fully evaluated. He came at the beginning of colonisation and lived to witness the country's development from tents and shanties to towns and cities – from primitive settlement to dawning nationhood. He sought neither personal wealth nor fame, but was content to serve the community as doctor and priest on a modest stipend of £90 a year. He stimulated the cultural life of the colony and played a part in fostering the growth of respect and understanding between Maori and Pakeha.

Purchas died on 28 May 1906 at Hastings, Hawke's Bay, and was buried at Purewa, Auckland. He was survived by 10 children, four sons and six daughters, of his family of 14. The New Zealand Herald paid him this tribute: “He laid the foundations of all that is good and true in the social life of the colony”. This recognition is surely a fitting culmination for one whose boyhood ambition was to serve humanity.

by Cyril Roy Knight, M.A., BARCH. (LIVERPOOL), F.R.I.B.A., F.R.S.A., F.N.Z.I.A., Professor Emeritus, University of Auckland.

• History of St. Peter's, Onehunga, Soar, F. E. (1948)
• Reminiscences…, Selwyn, S. H. (1961)
• New Zealand Herald, 29, 31 May 1906 (Obits).

(?–1837).

Fighting chief and priest of the Ngati Tama.

A new biography of Te Puoho-o-te-rangi appears in the Dictionary of New Zealand Biography on this site.

Te Puoho was born at Poutama, near Kawhia, the son of Parehaoko and Turangapeke. Through his parents he was descended from a crew member of Tokomaru canoe. He was distantly related to Te Rangihaeata, and Te Rauparaha. He was the father of Wi Katene and grandfather of Huria Matenga. In 1818 he campaigned against the Wanganui chief Takarangi, whose son had married, and later insulted, Te Puoho's daughter. He joined the Tatamaroa heke to the Cook Strait district in 1822 but, later, returned to Kawhia where he supported the Ngati Toa against the Waikato and Maniapoto tribes. In the early 1820s Te Puoho took part in the battles around Kawhia, distinguishing himself at the final engagement at Te Kakara, where he is said to have possessed the only musket on his side.

Te Puoho's military experience and status as a priest gave him great influence with Te Rauparaha and, when the latter emigrated to Kapiti, the Ngati Tama were assigned territories in the adjacent portions of the nearby South Island. During his first few years in the district, Te Puoho played a leading part in the destruction of the Rangitane tribe. In 1831 he led a small taua to assist the Te Atiawa besieged at Pukerangiora, but was unable to raise the siege. Later in the year he went south and besieged Kaiapohia (Kaiapoi). In 1833 he brought his people south and established them in the Golden Bay and Taitapu areas. He visited Ohariu, near Wellington, in 1834, where he became involved in the attempt to exterminate the Muaupoko tribe.

Shortly after this Te Puoho turned his attention towards the conquest of the Ngai Tahu. In spite of a warning from Te Rauparaha that he must not expect the people of Murihiku to be sitting in trees with their breasts open like pigeons facing the sun, Te Puoho persisted with his plan. In the summer of 1836 he led a small force of Ngati Tama and Te Atiawa – about 70 warriors in all – by canoe down the west coast to the mouth of the Awarua (Haast) River. They then made their way – a miracle of endurance – over Haast Pass to Lake Wanaka, where they disposed of a few of the Ngai Tahu. From Wanaka the taua went up the Cardrona Valley, over the Crown Range, and across the Kawarau River until at length they reached the Mataura Valley. They continued through the hills west of Gore, crossed the Mataura River and sacked Tuturau pa. Meanwhile news of their presence had reached Tuhawaiki, at Ruapuke Island, and he lost no time in bringing a large war party to the scene. The Ngai Tahu taua, under Tuhawaiki and Taiaroa, encountered the invaders at Tuturau where Te Puoho and most of his party were killed.

Although famed as a priest and fighting chief, Te Puoho was an impulsive man and prone to act rashly. This disastrous raid was the last act of Maori warfare in the South Island.

by Bernard John Foster, M.A., Research Officer, Department of Internal Affairs, Wellington.

• The History of Otago, McLintock, A. H. (1949)
• King Potatau, Jones, P. te H. (1959)
• Legends of the Maori, Pomare, M. (1930).