Despite their shelly texture and shell-like appearance, barnacles are not molluscs but belong to the Crustacea, which also include crabs, shrimps, crayfish, and lobsters. The larval history of a barnacle shows that it is related to the shrimp; in fact, at first the larval barnacle is a free-swimming shrimplike creature that later fastens itself upside down to a solid surface and then proceeds to grow a shell about itself. The feelerlike processes which often protrude from the top of a barnacle are the former legs modified to rake in food to the mouth. The SMALL BARNACLE (Elminius modestus) is the trouble-some pest that quickly covers most surfaces immersed in the sea: rocks, wharf piles, bottoms of boats; in fact, any available smooth surface. A very different looking creature (Lepas anatifera) or goose barnacle belongs to the open sea and attaches itself to drifting objects by means of a long fleshy “stalk”. Another curious barnacle (Coronula diadema) is found attached only to the edges of the jaws and flippers of one species of whale, the humpback. The basal edge of this large shelly barnacle is formed of thin plates which become embedded into the skin of the whale.

by Arthur William Baden Powell, Assistant Director, Auckland Institute and Museum.

(1831–1911).

Authoress.

A new biography of Barker, Mary Anne appears in the Dictionary of New Zealand Biography on this site.

Lady Barker, eldest daughter of WalterG.Stewart, Island Secretary of Jamaica, was born in 1831 in Spanish Town, Jamaica. By her own account she was “an ugly, tall, thin, tomboy of a child”. She was educated in England, where at 21 she married Captain George Robert Barker of the Royal Artillery. Though she spent most of their marriage waiting at home while he fought in the Crimean War and the Indian Mutiny, she joined him at Simla in 1860 after he had been knighted and promoted Brigadier-General for his leadership at the Siege of Lucknow, Jamoo, and Birwah. But within eight months Barker had died at 44 and she returned to England with their two young children, Guy and Louis.

Her second husband, Frederick Napier Broome, the son of a Shropshire clergyman, emigrated when he was 15 and worked as a cadet on Steventon, a North Canterbury sheep run of 9,700 acres. A tall, athletic, black-bearded youngster of 22, Broome married the vivacious widow of 33 on 21 June 1865, during a visit home. She immediately sailed away with him, leaving her two boys behind, yet this “wild and really almost wicked step”, as she later called it, led to “three supremely happy years” in New Zealand.

They arrived in the “full flush of the West Coast gold fever” with a shipload of diggers from Melbourne and spent some time at a Christchurch boardinghouse, where their son was born in February 1866. Meanwhile Broome and H. P. Hill bought Steventon from R. C. Knight, and the Broomes moved up country to a new prefabricated house, Broomielaw, where their infant son died in May.

Following the bad winter of 1867, when 4,000 sheep were lost out of 7,000, Broome sold his interest in Steventon to Hill and returned to London, where the couple worked as journalists. Broome became a correspondent for The Times, contributed to Macmillan's and the Cornhill, and published two books of verse, Poems from New Zealand (1868) and The Stranger from Seriphos (1869).

It was on Alexander Macmillan's suggestion that Lady Barker (as she still called herself) put together her first book, Station Life in New Zealand (1870), a sparkling series of letters home. This “exact account of a lady's experience of the brighter and less practical side of colonization … the adventures and emergencies diversifying the life of a wife of a New Zealand sheepfarmer” was apparently based upon actual letters to her young sister Jessie, for the authoress noted that “each was written while the novelty and excitement of the scenes it describes were still fresh upon her”.

The book went through several editions and was translated into French and German. Much of its attraction comes from its intimate style, with the author's affectionate asides to her sister, family references, and enclosures for “the boys” in England. Its racy narrative is a brilliant though apparently artless piece of writing. Not only is the book packed with domestic details such as the price of coal, cab fares in Christchurch, breadmaking, or the problem of servants, but it also contains exhilarating tales of boar hunts, boundary rides, mustering, drafting, shearing, camping out, and expeditions after wild cattle.

During her next eight years in London Lady Barker wrote 10 books, including A Christmas Cake in Four Quarters (1871) with its story about Christmas Day at Steventon, and Station Amusements in New Zealand (1873), a chatty sequel to Station Life. Among several other children's books and domestic guides was First Lessons in the Principles of Cooking (1874), which led to her appointment as Lady Superintendent of the National Training School of Cooking, South Kensington. When Broome was made Colonial Secretary of Natal in 1875 she joined him after six months and followed him to Mauritius, Western Australia, Barbados, and Trinidad. A Year's Housekeeping in South Africa (1880) and Letters to Guy (1885) came from these experiences.

Broome was knighted on 3 July 1884 for his work as Governor of Western Australia, and thereafter she called herself Lady Broome. It was under this name that she published the last of her 22 books, Colonial Memories (1904), which contains three chapters about New Zealand. After Broome's death in 1896 at 54, she lived quietly in Eaton Terrace, London, S.W., where she died on 6 March 1911. She was “a fine, tall woman with well-marked features and a somewhat decided manner”, possessing a warm, spirited, though snobbish temperament.

Most of the people she mentions in her books on early Canterbury have now been identified, and her comments provide a gay feminine counterpoint to Samuel Butler'sA First Year in the Canterbury Settlement. Because she was so responsive to her environment and was a natural, lively writer with an eye for detail, her Station books have remained popular and are still a valuable source for social historians of early Canterbury.

by Phillip John Wilson, M.A., Author, Wellington.

• The Early Canterbury Runs, Acland, L. G. D. (1946)
• Lady Broome, Hasluck, Alexandra
• Historical Studies of Australia and New Zealand (Nov. 1956).

(1819–73).

Pioneer medical practitioner, amateur photographer.

A new biography of Barker, Alfred Charles appears in the Dictionary of New Zealand Biography on this site.

Alfred Charles Barker was born in London in 1819, the son of Joseph Gibbs Barker, of Birmingham. He was educated privately in Hereford and later at King's College, London, where he qualified as a surgeon. He practised for about eight years in various parts of England, but he had early developed an interest in New Zealand and, as one of the original land purchasers under the Canterbury settlement scheme, he arrived off Sumner in December 1850 in the ship Charlotte Jane. He left his family at an hotel at Sumner and pushed on to Christchurch where for a time he lived in a shelter compounded of mud and ship's sails. The garden of his first permanent home, however, extended from the Square to the lower end of Worcester Street. Though he was a member of the council of the Society of Land Purchasers from 1852 to 1854, his practice left little time for politics. As one of the very few practitioners serving the whole of the Canterbury Plains, he travelled great distances and was constantly on the move. In 1855, however, he found himself a not very willing member of the Canterbury Provincial Council. He had little taste for politics, though he held many strong opinions on early development and policy. When his wife died in Christchurch in 1858, Barker, though still a young man, decided to retire. He had already left the Provincial Council in 1857 after what he termed two fruitless years, and now decided to devote his time and energies to his hobbies, which were legion.

Dr Barker's tastes had always been studious and scientific. He was keenly interested in geology, botany, and zoology, and after his arrival in New Zealand had maintained a constant correspondence with Owen, Huxley, and Darwin. Darwinism was one of his particular interests, and he contributed some notable papers on the subject to the Canterbury Philosophical Institute. He was a skilful sketcher and an enthusiastic amateur photographer, and specimens of his work, some of which are of real historical value, are to be seen in the Christ-church Museum. Indicative of the breadth of his scientific studies was his interest in aeronautics. Thirty-one years before the Wright Brothers made their first successful flight in America, Barker had dabbled in flying, and as early as 1872, had propounded some definite views on the subject, accompaning them with a diagram of a proposed form of aircraft. In 1961 a letter dealing with this subject, written by Barker in 1872 to his brother in England, was exhibited by his great grandson, T. Barker, of Christchurch, to the Aviation Historical Society of New Zealand. Dr Barker died in Christchurch on 20 March 1873.

by Ronald Jones, Journalist and Script Writer, New Zealand Broadcasting Corporation, Wellington.

• New Zealand Free Lance (Wellington) 1 Apr 1953. “Barker of Cathedral Square”, Cresswell, D. D.

United Baptist work amongst the Maori people began in 1954 in Pukekohe, extending later to Te Kohanga and Port Waikato. Miss Joan Milner, followed by the Rev. C. D. Jones, B.SC., and Mrs Jones had the task of establishing it. Baptist witness to Chinese people resident in New Zealand has resulted in the formation of Chinese Baptist Churches in Wellington and Auckland. In Wellington there was formerly a joint Anglican-Baptist Chinese Mission, the separate Baptist Church being established in 1951 with the Rev. Peter Fung as minister.

Baptist youth work grew under the successive direction of the Revs. L. B. Busfield and P. L. A. Crampton, B.A., and of the Rev. J. J. Burt, the present Director of Christian Education. A recent innovation has been the All Age Sunday School where the whole family meets for Bible study. The Bible Class movement has held a large place in Baptist life, with Easter camps and other interclass activities fostering the development of young Baptists.

Social service amongst Baptists has found expression through individuals and in institutions. Men such as J. J. North, J. J. Doke, R. S. Gray, J. K. Archer (formerly Mayor of Christchurch), J. S. Barnett, and W. S. Rollings were well known for their work in this sphere. Baptists have a children's home at Manurewa, a hostel for young people working in Wellington, and homes for the elderly in Auckland, Christchurch, and Dunedin. A city mission was established in Auckland in 1960. Baptist opinion on matters of civic and national importance is expressed through membership on the Inter-church Council on Public Affairs, by the Baptist Women's League, and through the Baptist Public Questions Committee. Baptist members joined the forces in considerable numbers in both world wars. Ministers who served overseas as chaplains were the Revs. Guy Thornton, J. Hiddlestone, L. A. Day, A. H. Finlay, and Roland Hart. Baptists have taken an active part in the ecumenical movement and have been represented at the Faith and Order, and Life and Work Conferences of the National Council of Churches.

Strong centres of Baptist witness have existed from early times. The Rev. A. North (who was largely responsible for the formation of the Baptist Missionary Society) made the Hanover Street pulpit in Dunedin a telling force. His son, the Rev. J. J. North, did the same in Wellington and Christchurch, as did the Rev. Joseph W. Kemp in the Auckland Baptist Tabernacle. Rural work, however, has not been entirely neglected, an example being the activity over many years of the Rev. E. T. Jones in the hinterlands of Canterbury and on the West Coast.

The executive direction of Baptist work through the Union and Missionary Society has fallen upon the general secretary. Those who have given full time to this service, and to whom the Church owes much, have been the Revs. R. S. Gray, M. W. P. Lascelles, P. F. Lanyon, and the present holder of the office, the Rev. L. A. North. The headquarters of the Baptist Union of New Zealand and the New Zealand Baptist Missionary Society are in Boulcott Street, Wellington. Denominational Publication: New Zealand Baptist.

by George Thomas Beilby, M.A., Minister, Baptist Church, Taupo.

In 1855 the New Zealand Baptist Missionary Society was formed. Its secretary, who served for 17 years, was H. H. Driver. The field centred on the district of Brahmanbaria in East Bengal, India. The first missionary, Miss Rosalie Macgeorge, pioneered the work at the cost of her health and died in Ceylon on the way home to New Zealand. A second station was opened in 1896 in Chandpur where effective medical and general work was initiated by Dr Charles North, and continued by Drs W. H. Pettitt, Nola Ivory, and others. Since 1936 missionary work has also been carried on amongst adjacent tribes people in Tripura State. The pioneer missionaries in this area, the Revs. H. A. Jones, B. N. Eade, M. J. Eade, Dr D. T. Daintree, and others, saw this work develop rapidly until it has become the most responsive part of the Baptist mission field. The mission areas are now divided by the border between East Pakistan and India. Much attention has had to be paid to Muslim evangelism, one of the New Zealand Baptist missionaries, the Rev. John Takle, becoming a world-authority on Islam. Women of the Churches have given notable support through the Baptist Women's Missionary Union, while lady missionaries who gave over 30 years' service to the mission have been Misses E. Beckingsale, A. L. Cowles, M. A. Bradfield, E. F. Arnold, M. Bush, Dr Nola Ivory, and Mesdames J. Takle, H. A. Jones, and B. N. Eade. On this mission field today there is a Christian community numbering 7,964 with 31 New Zealand missionaries and more than 150 national workers. Support for this work has reached a figure of £3 per New Zealand Baptist member annually. At least 160 New Zealand Baptists are serving with missionary societies in other parts of the world.

The need to train men for the ministry led to the establishment of the New Zealand Baptist Theological College in Auckland in 1924. Its first session was held in 1926 in rooms of the Auckland Baptist Tabernacle and in the following year it moved to a residential property on the slopes of Mt. Hobson, Auckland. The first principal, the Rev. J. J. North, led the college until 1945 and was followed by the Rev. Luke H. Jenkins, B.D.(HONS.). In 1953 the Rev. E. Roberts-Thomson, M.A., D.D., became principal and on his departure in 1960 for a similar position in New South Wales the Rev. J. Ayson Clifford, M.SC., was appointed. Clifford, a graduate of the New Zealand College, had served on the staff since 1945, following earlier tutors, the Rev. John Laird, M.A., and the Rev. A. J. Grigg, M.A., B.D., afterwards principal of the Victorian Baptist College. A more extensive property is now in use in Victoria Avenue, Remuera, with residential halls erected in memory of H. H. Driver and the Rev. J. J. North. Vigorous support has been given to the work of the college by many Baptist laymen including Messrs H. M. Smeeton (first chairman), F. W. Horner (sometime chairman and present life governor), and N. S. Gaze (present chairman).

The first Baptist Church in New Zealand was formed at Nelson in May 1851. The ship Comet brought the Rev. Decimus Dolamore, a Baptist minister from Bedale, Yorkshire, who was seeking service in the colonies. The Church began under his leadership with 15 foundation members. A grant of land was obtained from the Provincial Government and a building was erected. Services were also begun in outlying parts. Rev. D. Dolamore continued to serve the denomination in Nelson and elsewhere for almost 40 years.

In Auckland, the Wellesley Street Church dates from 1855, its location being shifted later to Upper Queen Street where the Auckland Baptist Tabernacle was erected. In Dunedin, the Hanover Street Church was formed in 1863. Baptist work in Canterbury dates also from the early 1860s but the Church passed through many difficulties until the arrival of the Rev. Charles Dallaston in 1877. Under his guidance the present Church centre in Oxford Terrace, Christchurch, was obtained and Baptist activity throughout Canterbury was widely extended. A Canterbury Baptist Association was formed to foster weaker churches and the Canterbury Baptist periodical was launched. This was the forerunner of The New Zealand Baptist which, under its present editor, the Rev. N. R. Wood, is the official organ of the Baptist Churches. The Wellington Church began in 1878, its members worshipping in the Vivian Street Church until 1941, when more central buildings were acquired in Boulcott Street.

From these centres the work of extension progressed steadily and by 1880 there were 1,600 church members throughout New Zealand. Though in principle Baptist Church policy is independent, it was soon realised that a close association was necessary. As a result, the Baptist Union of New Zealand was established in 1882 with 25 churches in initial membership. Fifteen ministers were serving these churches. Membership has now (1964) grown to 16,362, with an additional 23,389 under pastoral care in Sunday school and Bible classes. Churches have increased to 141, while 123 ministers and 7 deaconesses are in direct service of the denomination. The definitive body of the Baptist Union is the annual Assembly at which all churches are represented in proportion to their membership. An elected council assumes responsibility between Assemblies. A president is appointed annually, the office usually alternating between a layman and a minister.

District associations were formed in the four main centres, and two others have since been added–South Auckland; and Central Districts, which is centred on Palmerston North. Church extension into strategic areas has become a specialised task, much of which is directed by a central committee. Its success has owed a great deal to the vision of its chairmen, notably Messrs J. R. Carey, Ernest Nees, and H. W. Milner, of Wellington. Baptist churches have always stressed the evangelistic appeal, an early landmark in this work being the appointment by the Baptist Union of the Rev. Thomas Spurgeon, minister of the Auckland Tabernacle from 1881 to 1889 and son of the famous London preacher, C. H. Spurgeon. From 1932 to 1934 the Rev. Joseph Carlisle undertook tent missions; in 1955–56 the Rev. Ivor Powell, from Wales, was Baptist evangelist, followed in 1959–60 by the Rev. F. H. Carter. Present evangelists are the Revs. G. Clifford Reay and Roland Hart.

Lyttelton, the port of Christchurch, and Akaroa, a county town, are the only two towns of any significance. Fishing is carried on in both places, the Lyttelton catch ranking ninth for New Zealand and the Akaroa catch equalling half of this. The good fishing grounds near Banks Peninsula are fished by boats from further afield and their catches landed at other parts. Akaroa is also noted for its crayfish catch. Occasionally large tourist ships anchor in Akaroa's beautiful and spacious harbour, and the township and its surroundings, with their French associations, have tourist interest. Lyttelton is notable as a port–it is third in importance in New Zealand–and it is the southern terminus for the inter-island steamer express service.

by Henry Stephen Gair, M.SC., New Zealand Geological Survey, Christchurch.

• The French at Akaroa, Buick, T. L. (1928)
• Place names of Banks Peninsula, Anderson, J. C. (1927)
• Crown Colony Government in New Zealand, McLintock, A. H. (1958).

Since 1900 the peninsula has not shown any marked increase and, apart from the townships of Akaroa and Lyttelton, the population of almost all the bays and western valleys (excluding extensions of metropolitan Christchurch) has shown a slow but marked decline. The total population of Banks Peninsula at the 1961 census, excluding the boroughs of Lyttelton, and Akaroa, and Heathcote and Halswell counties, was 2,620.

Podocarp forest covered most of the peninsula at the time of settlement, apart from the drier northern hills (now known as the Port Hills) surrounding Lyttelton Harbour where there was extensive open-tussock grassland. The bush was dense in the valleys and lower slopes, but gave way to scrub formations and patches of bush on or near the summits. Valuable timber trees, such as black and white pine and totara, were abundant in many places and sawmilling occupied many of the early settlers. The peak year for timber production was probably 1870; by that time 75 per cent of the forest had been cut over or cleared. By 1900 almost the whole forest cover of 140,000 acres had been removed and only a few scattered patches, in total less than 150 acres, now remain.

With the removal of the bush, dairying was found most suitable in the valleys, and sheep grazing on the upland. Market gardening is carried on in the valleys overlooking Christchurch and there are orchards at Governors Bay. Banks Peninsula was for many years (until about 1950) noted for its grasses and, particularly, cocksfoot. At the present day grazing of sheep for fat and store lambs and wool is carried on in the uplands, and beef cattle are run in the gullies. Dairying has declined over the last 20 years and there are now only a few cheese factories on the peninsula.