The Hauraki Gulf lies between the eastern side of North Auckland and the western sides of the Coromandel Peninsula and Great Barrier Island. It is exposed to open sea only in the north and hence possibly its name – hau meaning wind and raki meaning north. Its southern limits consists of the Firth of Thames. This firth is the northward continuation of a downfaulted rift valley which in its southern portion contains the Hauraki Lowlands. The Colville Channel between the Coromandel Peninsula and Great Barrier Island is probably another downfaulted area, whereas Tamaki Strait – between Waiheke Island and the mainland – and Waitemata Harbour are drowned valleys. These areas and indeed the whole of the Gulf were dry land during the climax of the Last Glaciation when sea level was 300 ft lower than the present level.

The sheltered waters of the gulf make it a fisherman's paradise. The even more sheltered waters of the inner part of the gulf, that is, of the Waitemata Harbour and Tamaki Strait, are surrounded by beautiful bays and beaches which make the area popular for all water sports. Between the beaches, the rocky coastlines of the Hauraki Gulf are famous for rock oysters. Eventually the Hauraki Gulf may be connected with the Manukau Harbour on the west coast via a channel cut at the head of the Tamaki Estuary.

by James Cecil Schofield, M.SC., New Zealand Geological Survey, Otahuhu.

(1817–1902).

Minister of Colonial Defence (1865–69).

A new biography of Haultain, Theodore Minet appears in the Dictionary of New Zealand Biography on this site.

He retired from Parliament in 1870, and in later years undertook many courtesy duties for the Government, as well as serving on the Anglican General and Diocesan Synods. He died in Parnell on 18 October 1902, and was buried at St. John's College.

by Bernard John Foster, M.A., Research Officer, Department of Internal Affairs, Wellington.

• Hart's Army List (1856)
• New Zealand Herald, 20 Oct 1902 (Obit).

Hauhauism was the name given to the beliefs of the Paimarire Churchas revealed to, and annunciated by, its founder and prophet, Te Ua Haumene. In so far as the cult possessed clear doctrines, these were based upon an interpretation of Old Testament scriptures first revealed to Te Ua in September 1862 by the Angel Gabriel. Like certain Christian missionaries before him, Te Ua identified the Maoris with one of the lost tribes of Israel, New Zealand being “New Canaan”. The Maoris were held in bondage by European overlords and Gabriel's revelation indicated the means by which God's (Jehovah) children were to be set free. The central theme was one of salvation – not from any original sin, as the missionaries taught, but from the Pakeha and the troubles which his coming entailed. Salvation was to be attained through complete faith in the power of the “karakias” (prayers or chants) in strict adherence to the prophecies of the High Priest (Te Ua) by proper utilisation of the “anhera” (Angel Gabriel) in the Niu pole ceremonies, and by the communion of Maori minds consciously “willing” the expulsion of the Pakeha. Within this broad outline many facets of Old Testament religion became blended with Maori religious traditions and with European military ceremonial. For instance, many Hauhau karakias were meaningless to the Maori themselves, but were chanted with great fervour in the belief that Jehovah had given his children the gift of tongues.

Hauhau ceremonies centred around the “Niu” pole, which was Te Ua's particular gift to Maori religion. The basic design of this, as revealed by Gabriel, consisted of a tall central column surmounted by a crosstree, the two arms of which terminated in round wooden knobs. These knobs were the symbolic resting places of the two Hauhau gods, Riki (war god) and Ruru (peace, or the gospels), and of these the greater was Ruru. Two pennants flew from the central pole representing these gods, with the Hauhau “Church” standard between them. In the centre, and enclosing the pole, was a low picket fence, inside which the priest stood when he commenced the ceremony.

The cry Hapa, hapa, paimarire hau, which gave the sect its name, was chanted by the warriors as they ran into battle with their right hands raised. This, they believed, gave them immunity from bullets.

The sect was served by a special priesthood, Te Ua being High Priest and having five disciples. These were Matene (“Martin”), Hepanaia (killed at Sentry Hill, New Plymouth) Patara, Kereopa (who killed Volkner and who was eventually hanged), and Horomona (who killed the Government agent, Falloon). After the death or discrediting of the prophet and his disciples, in the mid 1860s, the cult faded away. Hauhauism, a religious fighting organisation, was an episode rather than a vital force in the struggle between Maori and Pakeha. At its widest extent, Taranaki, Waikato, Bay of Plenty, Poverty Bay, and Hawke's Bay were disaffected, but today only a few score followers remain. It has influenced many later Maori religious movements. Te KootiRikirangi used it as a basis upon which to erect his more stable Ringatu faith; while Ratana later took over many of Te Ua's theocratic ideas, as well as a portion of the Niu ceremonial, which had been incorporated in his modern movement. Finally, the many close parallels, particularly in revealed religion, afforded between Hauhauism and Mormonism perhaps provide a clue to the latter's immense popularity among many present-day Maoris in areas once dominated by Te Ua.

by Bernard John Foster, M.A., Research Officer, Department of Internal Affairs, Wellington.

• The Upraised Hand, Greenwood, William (1942) (Polynesian Society Memoir No. 21)
• Hauhauism – An Episode in the Maori Wars 1863–66, Babbage, S. B. (1937)
• Journal of the Polynesian Society, Vol. 62 (1953) “The Doctrine of Hauhauism”, Winks, Robin.

Hastings is situated on the Heretaunga Plains, a part of the Hawke's Bay Plain. To the west rises the Wakarara Range, the foothills of the Ruahine Range, while in the east the land rises to the hills of the east coast. The residential suburbs are Akina, Frimley, Mahora, Parkvale, Raureka, and Stortford Lodge; Mayfair is partly zoned for industry. The Wellington-Gisborne east coast railway line passes through Hastings. By road the city is 13 miles south of Napier via Clive (12 miles by rail), 52 miles north-east of Waipukurau, and 98 miles north-east of Palmerston North. Napier is the nearest port. Beacons Airport, 17 miles north, is the passenger airport for Napier and Hastings. Bridge Pa aerodrome, 6 miles from the city, is used for aerial topdressing and some charter services.

Sheep and dairy farms are common and there are some stud horse-breeding farms in the district, but the most important rural activities are fruitgrowing and market gardening on irrigated land. Apples and pears are the main fruits, together with peaches and plums, cherries, and raspberries. Much of the lowland built by the Tutaekuri, Ngaruroro, and Tukituki Rivers is used for the intensive growing of cabbages, tomatoes, beans, peas, asparagus, and other vegetables, the bulk of which goes to factories in Hastings for canning or quick freezing or making into soups, sauces, and pickles. This part of Hawke's Bay has almost one-eighth of New Zealand's orchard and market-gardening acreage. Grapes are grown and wine is produced at Taradale, 8 miles north-west. Hastings is the centre for this rich agricultural district and is chiefly concerned with processing farm products. Secondary industries include freezing works at Whakatu and Tomoana, just outside the city, a dairy factory, a brewery, and wine factory, aerated-water factories, sawmilling, and bacon and ham processing. Fertilisers, tallow, stock foods, netting and pipe products, mattresses and chairs, and motor mowers are also manufactured. Quick freezing and canning of fruit and vegetables are large industries. Extensive stock saleyards, fruit-marketing depots, and cool stores are maintained. The Highland Games at Easter and the Hastings Blossom Festival in early September attract many visitors. The festival is so popular that special passenger trains run for the occasion.

The first settlement in Hastings took place in 1864, when Thomas Tanner leased about 17,000 acres of the Heretaunga Plains from the Maoris. Some years later a syndicate was formed to purchase this area and the Heretaunga Block was secured by 12 people who are often referred to as the “Twelve Apostles”. The purchase price was stated to have been about 30s. an acre, and payment was made by £16,000 in cash, with the balance liquidating debts which had been incurred by the Maoris. In 1873 Francis Hicks (one of the syndicate) presented the Government with a section of land for the site of a railway station and decided to lay out 100 acres near this site for a township to be called Hastings. 144 sections were offered, the average price per acre being £56. At that stage much of the area was still duck-shooting swamp. The original settlers of the Heretaunga Plains decided that Havelock North was to be the future city and it was only with the advent of the railway in 1874 that Hastings was chosen as the town site. Further impetus to growth was given in 1880 with the establishment at Tomoana of a boiling-down works, which eventually became the freezing works. The swamps were drained, population increased, and places of business sprang up. Fruitgrowing became an important industry and hops were also cultivated. Vineyards were established at Te Mata. By 1884 the town had a population of 617 and was constituted a town district. It was incorporated as a borough on 20 October 1886 and was the largest borough in New Zealand until April 1908, when a large portion was included in the Hawke's Bay county. Hastings was proclaimed a city on 8 September 1956.

Several disastrous fires occurred in the town; one in February 1893 destroyed much of the business section along Heretaunga Street and much damage was done by another fire in May 1907. About 11 a.m. on 3 February 1931 the Hawke's Bay earthquake practically razed every building in the town. Eighty-eight people died and damage was estimated at over £1,000,000. From the ruins, specially designed buildings arose.

Hastings was named after Warren Hastings, the first Governor-General of India. At the time the station site was transferred to the Government, the area was shown in the deed as being within the town of Hicksville, but this name never became current.

POPULATION: 1951 census, 23,797; 1956 census, 27,787; 1961 census, 32,490.

by Susan Bailey, B.A., Research Officer, Department of Industries and Commerce, Wellington.

Gold prospectors and miners.

Horatio Hartley and Christopher Reilly, though they were prominent in the gold rush era 100 years ago, have not been over-well served by history. Of their origins or their ends little is known, and that little is generally conflicting, but their fame was legendary in Otago for a brief period, and their names are inseparably linked with gold mining and the Clutha River. Hartley, a Californian, born in 1826, was encountered by Reilly on the Californian goldfields after he had forsaken his native Dublin. Reilly had attended Dublin University, but while still a young man set out for America. Biographers have collected little information as to how the pair fared on the Barbary Coast, but their arrival in New Zealand together in 1862 is recorded. They were too late for the rush following Gabriel Read's discoveries of 1861, and while the frantic scramble in the Tuapeka area was moving to its climax, Hartley and Reilly were working quietly and secretly on the Clutha River. They penetrated as far as the Lindis River, but it was not until they began to work the Clutha in the vicinity of its confluence with the Kawarau River (the Dunstan) – not far from where Cromwell now stands – that they struck any real colour. Here Fortune smiled on them, and while the rest of Otago was lugubriously contemplating what was regarded as the gradual passing of the gold era, Hartley and Reilly were washing about 6 oz of gold daily in the Clutha. A hard and bitter winter had assisted them by lowering the level of the river to the point at which rich rocky clefts and black gold-bearing sand and shingle bars were exposed. The pair had no intention of proclaiming their good fortune in a hurry, and continued accumulating gold in secret until one day they were surprised at work by an old Victorian digger who had been sent to check up on them. They contrived to discourage him with woeful tales of wasted effort and hardship, but they took his coming as a warning, and shortly afterwards they gathered up their hoard and presented themselves at the office of the Chief Gold Receiver in Dunedin. They astounded that official first by lodging 1,000 oz of gold, and then indicating that in consideration of a reward of £2,000 they would divulge the source of their wealth. After negotiations with the Provincial Council, they were assured of the reward, and on 23 September 1862 the Dunstan goldfield was proclaimed.

But rich as the Dunstan area was, it was only a beginning – the start of a fantastic period in which field after field was opened up: Cardrona, Arrow, Shotover, Mt. Ida, Hyde, Cambrians, St. Bathans, Macraes, and Kyeburn were only some of the names on everyone's lips. Hartley and his Irish-American partner had started an avalanche of effort, but neither remained very long to participate in the mad melée. Reilly's imagination had been captured by the notion of a deep-sea harbour at Port Molyneux, at the mouth of the Clutha River, to serve the goldmining industry. He abandoned his gold claim and started survey work on his project, but he could get no official backing, and one of the last-known facts about him concerns his attempt to recoup himself from the Provincial Council for £400 expenses.

It is said that Hartley for a time was attracted to the Coromandel diggings and that he held a few shares there. But he certainly returned to Otago to continue his search for fresh fields, for on 11 April 1863 the Otago Witness reported that in the previous month he had left Queenstown on a search through very rugged country, which took him almost to the West Coast. He arrived back at Queenstown some 13 days later, after “… performing a feat on foot which few men could do”.

He died in San Francisco in January 1905, in possession of a 50,000 dollar fortune, the bulk of which he bequeathed to the school district of his native Tacoma, Washington. Reilly by this time had also faded from the scene, nobody knows where.

by Ronald Jones, Journalist and Script Writer, New Zealand Broadcasting Corporation, Wellington.

• History of Otago, McLintock, A. H. (1949)
• History of the Early Gold Discoveries in Otago …, Pyke, V. (1887)
• The Dunstan – A History of the Alexandra – Clyde District, Moore, C. W. S. (1953).

(1826–86).

Superintendent of Otago.

John Hyde Harris was born on 24 November 1826 at Deddington, Oxfordshire, the son of John Harris and Ann, née Hyde. He was educated at Deddington and then trained for the law. In September 1850 he came to Dunedin in the Poictiers and from the time of his arrival played a leading part in politics. He was a member of the Otago Settlers' Association and drew up the Otago petition for representative government. For some years he practised as a lawyer, being in partnership with John and T. B. Gillies. From 1853 until 1858 he served on the Provincial Council, being a member of the Executive (1858–59). In 1858 he was appointed Judge of the District Court but retired in 1862 when this office was abolished. He acted as Deputy Superintendent under Richardson and on 9 April 1863 succeeded him in the superintendency. Shortly after his taking office Harris was forced to deal with the urgent and difficult economic problems created by the discovery of gold, and during the greater part of his term had to work against a hostile Council. He prosecuted many necessary public works, acted as president of the Dunedin Exhibition (1865), but incurred a certain amount of public displeasure when he dissolved the Dunedin Town Council. During the gold boom period he had speculated heavily and his cumulative losses, £28,000 in four years, obliged him to resign from the superintendency in 1865. Harris was a member of the Legislative Council on two occasions (1858–64) (1867–68) and during the latter period served as Solicitor-General in the Stafford Ministry.

In addition to his legal and political duties, Harris also served on a number of local bodies. He was a founder of the Mechanics' Institute, the Otago Witness, a promoter of the Otago Savings Bank, a member of the Dunedin Town Board (1856), and mayor of Dunedin (1867–68). He was one of the promoters of the University of Otago and served on the University Council from 1871 until his death. An able lawyer and a man of substance and social position in Otago, Harris was well equipped to lead the province in a particularly difficult economic crisis. In the early years of the province, notwithstanding his close family ties with Cargill, Harris took sides with W. H. Cutten against the Superintendent. He would probably have played an even more important part in provincial and colonial politics but for his unfortunate financial speculations. At different times Harris held extensive landed estates in Otago. He lived at The Grange, North Dunedin, for many years and owned runs at Waihola, Otokia, Lee Stream, and West Taieri.

Throughout his life Harris was a keen Freemason, being a member of the English Constitution. On 11 August 1864 he was elected Provincial Grand Master of the Lodges under the English Constitution in Otago. He retained this office until 1880 when, with seven other masons, he formed the Supreme Council, 33°, of New Zealand. Afterwards Harris took part in the negotiations which led to the amalgamation of the New Zealand and Scottish Supreme Councils.

Harris was twice married: first, in 1851, at Dunedin, to Annie Cunningham, daughter of Captain William Cargill; and, secondly, on 3 November 1881, at Dunedin, to Kate Philomena, daughter of William Wallis Dunphy. He had six sons and three daughters by his first marriage. Harris died at Dunedin on 24 July 1886.

by Bernard John Foster, M.A., Research Officer, Department of Internal Affairs, Wellington.

• The History of Otago, McLintock, A. H. (1949)
• Otago Daily Times, 24 Jul 1886 (Obit)
• Evening Star (Dunedin), 24 Jul 1886 (Obit)
• Evening-Herald (Dunedin), 24 Jul 1886 (Obit).

In 1935 a fully representative team was selected to visit Australia. The members were J. W. Savidan, N. F. Cooper, A. L. Stevens, J. Riddington, W. A. C. Pullar, and A. R. Geddes. At Parramatta, Sydney, the team contested the Australian championship over 10,000 metres, an Australia – New Zealand test match being held in conjunction with the event. Pullar, second, was the first New Zealander home. A remarkably versatile runner, Pullar won New Zealand titles at the mile (three times), 3 miles, cross-country, and 440 yards hurdles. The other scoring New Zealanders were placed fifth, seventh, and eighth, giving New Zealand 22 points to Australia's winning 14 points. The other event in the itinerary was the New South Wales championship at Sydney over 10 miles. Savidan finished second and New Zealand scored 18 points to tie with New South Wales in the team contest. In neither appearance were the New Zealanders able to show their best cross-country form. The courses were flat – the New South Wales race being held on a racecourse – the terrain firm, and the obstacles few and easy.

A second international team routed Australia in 1957. The first six in the New Zealand championship that year were selected – they were K. E. Williams, M. G. Halberg, N. I. Scott, J. L. Julian, P. N. Sidon, and M. W. Hellier. Only two days after arriving at Brisbane the team contested the Australian 10,000 metres championship, which incorporated an Australia – New Zealand test match. In temperatures over 80 degrees Halberg won easily from D. W. Power (one of Australia's greatest runners) and broke all records for the course. The next New Zealanders were fifth, sixth, and eighth. In the teams' result Australia won with 16 points to New Zealand's 20. It should be noted, however, that W. D. Baillie, then temporarily resident in Australia, had been selected for the Australian team and finished third. Had Baillie run for New Zealand the result would certainly have been reversed. The team next met New South Wales at Sydney over 10,000 metres. Power reversed the test result by defeating Halberg. The other New Zealanders were placed third, fifth, and sixth to win the teams' race by 16 points to 20. In the final event against Victoria over 10 miles, New Zealand gained almost a perfect score to win 11–25. Halberg was the leading New Zealander for the third time. In this tour, as in 1935, the New Zealanders were not able to show their best, for the courses by New Zealand standards were not true cross-country.

At the time of writing (1964) it is proposed to enter a team in the International Cross-country Championship to be held in Belgium in 1965. This is the most ambitious yet attempted but is fully justified by the tremendously high standard of long-distance and cross-country running in New Zealand today. (The event took place in March 1965, J. Julian finishing sixth. New Zealand was third in the teams event. Ed.)

by Peter Norman Heidenström, Journalist, Wellington.

Seventeen years after the first Australasian track and field meeting, a cross-country championship was inaugurated. New Zealanders, however, did not take part in 1910, 1912, or 1921, but made their first appearance at Sydney in 1923. The distance was 5 miles. R. A. Rose was the leading New Zealander, finishing second. In the teams' result New Zealand was second to New South Wales. In 1925, at Wellington, over a distance of 10,000 metres, Rose won the title and led the New Zealand team to victory. The final meeting took place in 1927 at Adelaide over 10,000 metres. J. W. Savidan was our only entrant and so New Zealand did not figure in the teams' result. In the individual race Savidan finished second.

Although champion track runners have often shone in cross-country, speed on the flat is not the sole requirement for success. The only men who have won four successive New Zealand cross-country titles, C. Weller and K. E. Williams, between them held only one national track title. There is obviously scope for specialisation in cross-country by runners who have the qualities to master rough and hilly terrain and the clearing of fences and other obstacles. Weller's four titles were gained in 1936–39 and Williams's in 1955–58, both periods in which the standard of our cross-country running was unusually high. This record has been surpassed only by J. W. Savidan, who won six titles between 1927 and 1935, three of them consecutively in 1927–29. N. Taylor is the only other runner to win more than twice. Olympic runners who have also won cross-country titles are G. N. Hill (1911), Savidan, W. H. Nelson (1946, 1951), M. G. Halberg (1953), J. L. Julian (1959), W. D. Baillie (1960, 1963), and P. G. Snell (1962). Baillie's victory in 1960 completed a unique record of New Zealand titles at 880 yards, 1 mile, 3 miles, 6 miles, and cross-country. Snell, in 1962, startled the world: the idea of allowing the Olympic 800 metres champion to run a distance 12 times as great, over rough country and obstacles, would be unthinkable overseas; that he could do so and win the national title of a country noted for its cross-country runners was astounding.

Of the 17 junior champions up to 1963, only two have later won the senior title: K. E. Williams (1951, 1955–58) and P. N. Sidon (1950, 1961). When, in 1958, K. E. and J. Williams won the senior and junior titles, they became the only brothers who have performed this feat.

The New Zealand cross-country championships are held in August each year over a distance of 6¼ miles (corresponding to 10,000 metres). The race must be “over true cross-country” and the amount of prepared track or ground (such as playing fields, roads or race tracks) may not exceed one-third of the course. These requirements usually mean that the event is held in a small township or locality, rather than in one of the main centres as are the summer track and field championships. A junior race (for which runners must be under 19 on the day) is held at the same meeting over a distance of 3 1/8 miles.

Both an individual and a teams' result are recognised in the two grades. Each of the nine affiliated centres may field a team of six runners, of whom the four placed highest are counted for points in the teams' race. Points are awarded according to the placing gained (one for first, two for second, and so on) and the lowest score wins. A perfect score is thus 10 points. This has been achieved by Otago in 1913 and Wellington in 1922 (fewer than five teams competed in those years) and by Otago in 1934 and Auckland in 1963. Indeed, in 1963 Auckland placed five men in the top five places and the other in seventh place. The lowest team scores in the junior race are 14 by Wellington in 1944 (when there were fewer than five teams) and 15 by Auckland in 1962. Because of the varying courses, there are no record times recognised for the cross-country championship.

The NZAAA has given permission for the holding, as a trial, of an unofficial New Zealand championships for road running (over 10 miles) and for a women's cross-country. When these events have proved that they can attract sufficient entries of a high standard, they may be elevated to official championship status.

As a prelude to the national meeting, each centre holds a programme of club events culminating in the centre championships. Several events which are held locally also attract entries from other parts of New Zealand. Perhaps the best known of these are the Olympic Harrier Club (Wellington) Gold Cup race of 20 miles (over a flat course including much road), the Dannevirke rally, and the Wellington to Masterton the Marton to Wanganui, and the Christchurch to Akaroa road relay races.