The Queen's Regulations for the Army gives the following instructions for playing the National Anthem. If the anthem is played in full, the first six bars are to be played “pianissimo” at M.M. 60 crotchets, with a “crescendo” starting on the second beat of the sixth bar rising to a “fortissimo” at M.M. 52 crotchets for the last eight bars, with a “rallentando” in the second to last bar. If the first six bars only are used, as for a salute to the Governor-General as the Queen's representative, the anthem is to be played “fortissimo” at M.M. 60 crotchets. When performed at a function or entertainment, the National Anthem takes precedence over the anthem of any other nation. At the conclusion of proceedings this order is reversed, the National Anthem being played last. On such occasions the anthem is played in full, being preceded by a three-bar sidedrum or timpani roll, “pp” < > “pp” at M.M. 60 crotchets.

A third verse, with special application to New Zealand, to be used in place of the second verse, was written by E. S. Emerson:

Far from the Empire's heart,
Make us a worthy part,
God save the King.
Keep us for ever thine,
Our land Thy southern shrine,
And in Thy grace divine,
God save the King.

A copy was sent to King Edward VII, who as an indication of his approval, signed and returned it to Emerson. This verse, however, has not been generally adopted, nor have various others put forward as alternatives from time to time.

New Zealand's National Anthem is:

GOD SAVE THE QUEEN

God save our gracious Queen,
Long live our noble Queen,
God save the Queen.
Send her victorious
Happy and glorious
Long to reign over us
God save the Queen.
O Lord our God arise,
Scatter her enemies,
And make them fall.
Confound their politics,
Frustrate their knavish tricks,
On Thee our hopes we fix,
God save us all
Thy choicest gifts in store,
On her be pleased to pour,
Long may she reign.
May she defend our laws,
And ever give us cause,
To sing with heart and voice,
God save the Queen.

Percy Scholes in his exhaustive study God Save the Queen! (1954) says that the anthem is of uncertain origin but was first performed in London in 1745 and that the words and music first appeared in Harmonia Anglicana, 1742, and Gentleman's Magazine, 1745.

(1882– ).

Labour Prime Minister.

A new biography of Nash, Walter appears in the Dictionary of New Zealand Biography on this site.

Walter Nash was born on 12 February 1882 at Kidderminster, England, where he was educated. After several kinds of occupation, he came to New Zealand in 1909 representing certain English publishers and manufacturers. His interest in social problems led him to join the New Zealand Labour Party, of which he was secretary from 1922 to 1932, president from 1935 to 1936, and on the National Executive from 1919 to 1937 and 1950 to date. He has been a member of Parliament for Hutt since 1929, and in the first Labour Government he became Minister of Finance, Customs, and Stamp Duties (1935–49), of Marketing (1936–41), and Social Security in 1938. After the accession of Peter Fraser to the Prime Ministership in 1940, he became Deputy Prime Minister, 1940–49. On the return of the Labour Government in 1957 he was Prime Minister till 1960, holding several portfolios. In 1963 he relinquished the leadership of the Labour Opposition Party, his successor being the Hon. A. H. Nordmeyer.

Over a long and distinguished career Nash has represented New Zealand at many overseas conferences concerned with political, financial, commercial, and economic problems. In New Zealand he has been connected with progressive and cultural organisations reflecting his wide and active interest in all aspects of New Zealand life. He was honoured with the degree of Ll.D. by two American universities, and by Victoria University of Wellington in 1963. He was made P.C. 1946 and C.H. 1959. In the Birthday Honours 1965, he was created G.C.M.G.

Naseby is situated on the Upper Taieri Plain at an altitude of about 2,000 ft. The Hawkdun Range rises to the north-west and the Kakanui Mountains run to the east of the town. Elsewhere the surrounding country is gently undulating. Naseby is 9 miles north-west by road from Ranfurly, the nearest large town on the Dunedin-Cromwell branch railway, and 90 miles north-west, via Middlemarch, from Dunedin. The main activities of the district are sheep raising and forestry. Logging and other forestry work is carried on by the New Zealand Forest Service at Naseby Plantation, 4 miles from the town.

Naseby came into existence with the discovery of gold in the district in 1863. Like many other Central Otago settlements, its name changed from time to time. It was first called Parker's, then Hogburn and, for some years prior to 1874, Mt. Ida. Gold was won by hydraulic sluicing, the Government aiding the industry by building several miles of water race in 1875 and, later, reservoirs. Since the mid-1920s gold mining has steadily declined and has now ceased. Hydraulic sluicing has destroyed much land, but larch and other coniferous trees have been established on the old workings and have largely arrested the progressive erosion. The original function of Naseby as a centre for a mining community has long been lost and many of the main services of the town have been absorbed by Ranfurly. The Naseby Early Settlers' Museum contains interesting relics of the early days. Much valuable information on the mining and social activities of the district is contained in the local newspaper, Mount Ida Chronicle, which ran from February 1869 to December 1926. In all probability the town was named after Naseby, England. It became a borough in 1872. Naseby is now a popular holiday resort.

POPULATION: 1951 census, 204; 1956 census, 189; 1961 census, 155.

by Brian Newton Davis, M.A., Vicar, St. Philips, Karori West, Wellington and Edward Stewart Dollimore, Research Officer, Department of Lands and Survey, Wellington.

Napier is situated on Port Ahuriri, once an extensive inlet on Hawke Bay but now greatly modified by the effects of the earthquake in 1931. The Heretaunga Plains stretch to the south, while in the west the land rises to the Ruahine Range. North of the city is the country formed by the foothills of the Ruahine Range. Westshore, Hills, Marewa, and Maraenui are the residential suburbs; Ahuriri and Onekawa are partly zoned for industry, and Napier South is chiefly residential, with a few commercial activities. The east coast railway line, which formerly ended at Napier, was extended to Gisborne in 1942. A line also runs to Napier through the Manawatu Gorge, linking the city with Palmerston North. By road Napier is 95½ miles south-east of Taupo, 139½ miles south-west of Gisborne (132 miles by rail), and 13 miles north of Hastings. Port Ahuriri, half a mile from the city, exports wool, frozen meat, dairy produce, hides, skins, tallow, and fruit. Tonnage handled in 1964 was 699,992 tons. It is New Zealand's third largest exporting port. A number of commercial fishing trawlers are based here. Beacons Airport is 3 miles from the city and is used by passenger and aerial-topdressing aircraft.

Rural activities of the district include sheep farming, dairying, the growing of ryegrass and clover for seed, and vegetable growing (cabbages, tomatoes, beans, peas, asparagus, etc.). The bulk of these go to factories in Hastings. On the low slopes of the downland near Petane and Green-meadows there are vineyards. To the south, around Hastings, is an important orcharding district, apples and pears being the main fruits grown. Napier is a holiday resort and chief port and servicing centre for the Hawke's Bay district. It is the largest wool centre in New Zealand and has regular wool sales. Secondary industries include woollen mills, fertiliser works, tobacco and cigarette manufacturing, freezing works, fell-mongeries, foundries, breweries, and soapworks. Paint is manufactured and there is an umbrella factory. Smaller industries are timber works, motor-coach body building, engineering, wineries, and the manufacture of canvas goods. At Port Ahuriri fish are canned for local markets. Napier, with its 2-mile long esplanade, is a popular tourist centre. At the Hawke's Bay Acclimatisation Society's game farm at Greenmeadows (5 miles west), kiwis are bred in captivity.

The first white settlers in the district were whalers from Australia who established themselves along the coast at the beginning of last century. With the increased shipping and greater activity in the Bay, the whales and, later, the whalers, moved on. They were followed by William Colenso, Church of England missionary, who arrived in 1844 and settled at Waitangi, a few miles from Napier. He was renowned as Hawke's Bay's first explorer and organised many expeditions into the ranges. Other settlers came to Napier, some following in Colenso's footsteps along the overland route from Wellington, others arriving in sailing vessels. Most of these early settlers proceeded inland, where they cleared the bush, erected primitive dwellings, and lived off the land. There were 343 settlers in Napier by 1858. The area was then administered by the Wellington Provincial Government. Disgruntled by neglect and the delay in issuing land licences, the settlers broke away from the Wellington administration. In 1855 the first Hawke's Bay Provincial Council was elected, with its seat of Government at Napier. The city was laid out in 1865 by Alfred Domett, then Commissioner of Crown Lands. Although Napier was not directly affected by the Maori Wars, it was often a base for military operations further afield. In 1866, however, the town became the objective of attack by two parties of hostile Maoris. They were defeated before they reached the outskirts of the settlement.

On 3 February 1931 Napier, in common with most of the Hawke's Bay district, suffered a disastrous earthquake. The shake threw down or damaged nearly every building, and raging fires added to the havoc. Although a considerable amount of reclamation has taken place on the swampy areas behind Napier for many years, one of the remarkable results brought about by the great earthquake was the raising of the harbour bed and the consequent disappearance of much of the inner harbour. In its place were 7,500 acres of new land. Napier was rebuilt on the most modern lines and its buildings are designed to resist the effects of any similar up-heaval. Napier was constituted a borough in 1874 and became a city in March 1950. It is named after Sir Charles Napier, the hero of Scinde and the leader of the expedition to Magdala in Abyssinia.

POPULATION: 1951 census, 24,538; 1956 census, 27,507; 1961 census, 32,716.

by Susan Bailey, B.A., Research Officer, Department of Industries and Commerce, Wellington.

(1859–1904).

Impressionist artist.

A new biography of Nairn, James McLauchlan appears in the Dictionary of New Zealand Biography on this site.

James McLachlan Nairn was born at Lenzie (Campsie Junction), near Glasgow, on 18 November 1859, the son of Archibald Nairn, property valuator. He received his art training at the Glasgow School of Art and later studied on the Continent. His work in the life class in W. Y. Macgregor's Glasgow studio had marked him out as a man of promise and, when he was elected a member of the Glasgow Art Club, success was in sight. But his health broke down, with the result that he sailed for New Zealand in the Forfarshire, landing at Dunedin in 1890.

Nairn exhibited his pictures in Dunedin and gave lectures in art, later moving to Wellington in 1891, where he was offered an appointment as instructor in art at the School of Design (afterwards the Technical College). There he directed classes in antique and still life, and was the first teacher in New Zealand to conduct classes for the study of the nude figure. During the summer holidays he usually left Wellington on sketching expeditions, his favourite area being the Hutt Valley where he had, near Silverstream, a small cottage which served as a rough studio. He had painted on the outside walls a pole with a large pumpkin hanging from it, and here, at “Pumpkin Cottage”, many of his students spent their holidays with him in long days of open-air sketching. Never of robust health, Nairn died on 22 February 1904, survived by his widow and two children.

Nairn possessed many manly qualities and had a genial and approachable manner which made him both popular and respected in Wellington art circles. In matters of art, however, he was an uncompromising critic. Working in oils and watercolour, Nairn painted mainly portraits and landscapes. He had a profound influence on New Zealand art. Coming as he did, direct from the influence of the art of Europe and, in particular, from the strongly impressionist Glasgow school, Nairn was responsible for introducing impressionism to New Zealand. In 1893 his Tess, exhibited at Otago Art Society, was reported as “a departure from anything ever before attempted in New Zealand”. His influence was most strongly felt in the Wellington area, however, where his importance can be likened to that of his contemporary, Van der Velden on the Christchurch scene. Certainly the freshness of colour in Nairn's work and its breadth of treatment dispelled the prevailing gloom of Wellington painting at the end of the century. An excellent draughtsman, and a firm believer in drawing from life and of the need to go direct to nature for inspiration, he imparted an atmosphere of vigour to all his work.

Among his important portraits are those of Mr Justice Richmond, Mr Justice Chapman, and Sir James Prendergast, which are now in the Supreme Court, Wellington. Some of his landscapes, notably A Summer Idyll, were acquired by the New Zealand Academy of Fine Arts, of which he was vice-president. Nairn is also represented in the Public Gallery at Wanganui and in other galleries throughout New Zealand.

by Thomas Esplin, D.A.(EDIN.), Senior Lecturer, Faculty of Home Science, University of Otago.

Art in New Zealand, Dec 1928; New Zealand Times, 23, 24 Feb 1904.

(c. 1796–1866).

Ngati Mahanga chief and a leading chief of the Waikato confederation.

A new biography of Te Awa-i-taia, Wiremu Nera appears in the Dictionary of New Zealand Biography on this site.

Te Awaitaia was born about 1796 at Waipa and was the son of Te Kata, a Ngati Mahanga chief of illustrious lineage, and of Parehina. While still a young man he led the taua (war party) which drove the Ngati Koata from their lands about Whai-ngaroa (Raglan) Harbour. Later he supported Te Waharoa in the wars which led to the establishment of the Waikato confederation. In 1820, as a close relative of Te Wherowhero, Te Awaitaia joined the Waikato – Ngati Maniapoto alliance against Te Rauparaha and was one of the chiefs who led the seaborne invasion of the Ngati Toa positions at Kawhia. At the Battle of Te Kakara in the same campaign he killed Rapa-rapa, a Ngati Tama chief who was renowned for his great strength, and this exploit gave him immense mana among the Maori chiefs. In 1822 Te Awaitaia led a taua of 370 men who harried the Ngati Toa on their retreat southwards. Nine years later he returned to Taranaki and played a leading part in the Battle of Pukerangiora.

Early in 1834 Te Awaitaia was baptised and took the names Wiremu Naera (William Naylor). He became a staunch friend of the Pakeha and built the first church in Raglan. From this time onwards he used his great prestige to further the missionaries' cause. His intercession with the Waikato chiefs secured the release of their Taranaki slaves and he later led a party to spread the gospel among the Taranaki tribes. At Te Ruaki he interposed to stop the war between the Waikato and Ngati Ruanui. In 1841 he tried to end hostilities between Mananui and Matakatea. When Governor Hobson visited him, Te Awaitaia swore allegiance to Queen Victoria, and he kept this oath with succeeding Governors. In 1857, at the “King” meeting at Paetai, Te Awaitaia spoke against creating a Maori King and his influence would have prevailed had it not been known that his opposition arose from a land dispute with Te Wherowhero. Shortly after this meeting he, with Iwikau, visited Governor Browne and expressed himself in favour of a separate Maori nationality – without a “King”.

At the time of the Taranaki petition Te Awaitaia offered to sell the Government land at Raglan. This action was resented by the kingites but, as the Government was satisfied with his title to the block in question, McLean was instructed to accept the offer. In 1862 Sir George Grey persuaded Te Awaitaia to build a strategic road to link Raglan with the Waipa River. This caused great unrest among the “King” tribes and war was prevented only by the Tamihana's personal intervention. During the Waikato Wars Te Awaitaia supplied guides and auxiliaries for General Cameron's forces. He protected the European settlement at Raglan against the kingites and offered to send men to defend Auckland against Rewi. Te Awaitaia was given the rank of Major in the Militia and was awarded a Sword of Honour. He died at Raglan on 27 April 1866.

As one of the last of the great chiefs of pre-Waitangi times, Te Awaitaia possessed an influence among the Maoris that equalled Te Wherowhero's. Gorst regarded him highly, while Fenton described him as “the most powerful man now living”. Both Tamihana and Te Wherowhero respected him. It is surprising, therefore, to find that some present-day Maoris regard him as having been an enemy of Maori nationalism.

by Bernard John Foster, M.A., Research Officer, Department of Internal Affairs, Wellington.

• Appendices to the Journals of the House of Representatives, F.3 (1860)
• Tainui, Kelly, L. G. (1949)
• The Maori King, Gorst, J. E. (1959)
• Origins of the Maori Wars, Sinclair, K. (1957).

Kupe's Sail is on the eastern shore of Palliser Bay, about two-thirds of a mile north-west of Cape Palliser. The name was originally applied to two triangular patches of light-coloured cliff showing against the green vegetation of the surrounding hills. The original Maori spelling is Nga-ra-o-Kupe (the sails of Kupe) and the story connected with this, according to Percy Smith (History and Traditions of the Maori of the West Coast, North Island of New Zealand, prior to 1840, Polynesian Society, 1910, p. 40) is that Kupe and his companion Ngake were camped here on one occasion, when a contention arose as to who could succeed in first completing a canoe sail (ra). So each started to work in the evening to make a sail; Kupe had finished his a little after midnight, whilst Ngake did not complete his until dawn. Thus Kupe won. The sails were then hung up against the cliffs “and may be seen there to this day”.

Both patches of light-coloured cliff are composed of outcrops of late Miocene sandstone (about 12–14 million years old) dipping seawards at an angle of 45 degrees. The sandstone is compacted and well bedded, and one of the patches, immediately east of the mouth of Kupe Stream, is a very prominent dip slope. Nowadays the name “Kupe's Sail” is more usually applied to this outcrop in particular. Abundant marine fossils are in the sandstone and similar beds occur in Hurupi Stream and Putangirua Stream further to the west around Palliser Bay.

The light-coloured sandstone rests unconformably on dark-coloured greywackes and argillites which continue northwards to form the Aorangi Mountains. The greywackes and argillites are unfossiliferous, but are thought to be of early Cretaceous age (about 130 million years old). In Kupe Stream these rocks are intruded by igneous rocks; pillow lavas (altered submarine basalt flows) and tuff beds are interbedded with them at Cape Palliser. The sandstone has been tilted down along a north-east-trending fault cutting the coast close to the mouth of Kupe Stream. This down-tilting has preserved the sandstone along the fault line. Late Miocene beds formerly covered most of the greywacke and argillites of the Aorangi Mountains, but subsequent uplift and erosion have removed most of them except on the flanks and where they have been downfaulted, as at Kupe's Sail.

by Graeme Roy Stevens, M.SC.(N.Z.), PH.D.(CANTAB.), Paleontologist, New Zealand Geological Survey, Lower Hutt.

(c.A.D. 950).

Legendary Maori voyager.

Many traditions describe the exploits of Kupe. He was a shadowy figure and there are therefore inconsistencies in the accounts of his activities. In Hawaiki Kupe is said to have coveted Kurumaro-tini, the wife of Hoturapa and possessor of the Matahorua canoe. After killing Hoturapa by a stratagem, the guilty couple fled in Matahorua to escape the vengeance of the murdered man's relations and, in the course of their wanderings, discovered New Zealand. Although Kupe was the principal ariki on the canoe, Matahorua was navigated by Reti, who thus must be credited with the success of the long voyage. Kupe named the new land Aotearoa. Off Castlepoint he encountered a giant octopus belonging to his enemy Muturangi. He followed this to Awa-iti (Tory Channel) where he killed it.

Following this event, Kupe stayed in Wellington before exploring the west coast as far north as Hokianga, which commemorates his departure to Hawaiki. His importance lies in numerous place names associated with his coastal voyaging. Kupe's accounts are taken as traditional evidence that New Zealand was uninhabited at the time of his visit, but one Wanganui tradition suggests otherwise. His sailing directions from Hawaiki are open to doubt, but they were said to be used by later Maori voyagers. According to tradition, Kupe was the only Maori voyager to make the return journey from New Zealand to Hawaiki, a fact that lends a certain credence to the modern belief that the Maori settlement was largely the result of accidental voyages. Certainly, the other voyagers to New Zealand of this period, Toi and Whatonga, did not make the return journey. Among the Maoris, however, Kupe enjoyed the highest mana of any ariki or chief.

by John Bruce Palmer, B.A., Curator, Fiji Museum, Suva and Bernard John Foster, M.A., Research Officer, Department of Internal Affairs, Wellington.

• Polynesian Mythology, Grey, G. (1956)
• Ancient Voyagers in the Pacific, Sharp, A. (1957)
• The Coming of the Maori, Buck, P. (1962).

Kumara is situated on a terrace above the western bank of the Taramakau River in the northern part of Westland Plain, about 6 miles inland from the northern shores of Westland Bight. The surrounding country is mainly forest clad. The Otira-Kumara Junction highway passes through the borough. The Greymouth-Hokitika sections of highway and railway pass 4½ miles north-west through Kumara Junction. By road, Kumara is 17½ miles north-east of Hokitika and 11 miles south of Greymouth. The town is also the road junction for Mitchells (Lake Brunner), 18 miles east.

Timber milling is the main industry of the district and there are sawmills near Greenstone (10 miles east), at Dillmanstown (about 2 miles south-east), and elsewhere. Since 1956 a gold dredge has worked from the Big Hohonu River (Greenstone Creek) downstream to the north bank of the Taramakau River, about 5 miles south-east. There is mixed farming on cleared areas which tend to extend.

During 1863 various transient parties prospected for gold in the Greenstone Creek (Big Hohonu) Valley. The existence of payable gold was established in the following year. The road from Arthur's Pass to Hokitika was completed in 1866. It passed through Dillmanstown, where rich gold was found in 1876. A rush followed, and Kumara came into existence as a town. A tram line built through Paroa, south of Greymouth, in the late 1860s was extended to Kumara after the rush of 1876 and provided convenient access to the nearest port. The town developed rapidly as an important goldmining centre and, it is said, the population was 4,220 by October of the rush year. The Government constructed water races to enable gold to be won by hydraulic sluicing methods. By 1926 the goldmining industry had declined and by the late 1930s it had practically ceased. Kumara is said to be a corruption of Kohe mara, which means “Blossom of tataramoa” (bush lawyer or native bramble). The township was constituted a borough in 1877. R. J. Seddon became the first mayor.

by Edward Stewart Dollimore, Research Officer, Department of Lands and Survey, Wellington.

POPULATION: 1951 census, 478; 1956 census, 505; 1961 census, 435.