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Pōmare II

by Angela Ballara

Biography

Pōmare II, i te wā e taitamariki ana ia, ko Whiria tōna īngoa karanga. I whānau mai i te wāhanga mutunga o te rau tau 1700–1799. I noho i te tonga o Pēwhairangi (Bay of Islands), i te rohe o Ngāti Manu o Ngā Puhi. Tōna hono ki tēnei hapū nā roto i tōna whaea, i a Haki, te tuahine kaumātua o Whētoi, ērā atu o ōna īngoa ko Pōmare, arā a Pōmarenui. Iti iho te rangatiratanga o te matua o Whiria, ēngari he rangatira anō. Ko tōna īngoa ko Tautoro, he uri nō Rangiheketini me Hineira. He whanaunga a Whiria ki a Tara o Kororāreka (Russell) me tana tohu, a Te Whareumu o Ngāti Manu.

I te tau 1815 ko Whiria te rangatira o tētahi papa kāinga i te takiwā o Waikare. E ai ki ngā kōrero a ngā mihinare i tae tuatahi mai, he tangata kakama, he tangata pakari, he tangata kaha, he tangata paingia e te wahine. E hia kē āna wāhine me āna tamariki, tētahi he tama tāne, e iwa tau pea te pakeke. Kua tino kaha kē tana hokohoko i waenganui i ngā kaipuke o ngā Pākehā; i kaha anō tana hiahia kia noho mai ngā Pākehā ki tōna takiwā.

I te matenga o tana matua kēkē, a Pōmare, i tana whakaekenga i a Waikato i te tau 1826, ka tango a Whiria i ngā īngoa Whētoi me Pōmare hei whakamahara tonu i tōna iwi ki te utu ranaki i te matenga o tō rātou ngārahu o mua. I te tau 1828 ka whakamatea a Te Whareumu me Tiki, te tama tāne mutunga a Pōmare I. I whakamatea rāua e Te Māhurehure o Waimā i tētahi totohe ā rātou. Ahakoa i mōhiongia ko Kiwikiwi te teina o Te Whareumu, tana tohu, kāhore i tino nui tōna mana. I konei ka tīmata a Pōmare II ki te puta mai hei tino rangatira.

I te tau 1830 ka tino kaha te mana o Pōmare hei rangatira. I taua tau tokorua ngā wāhine o Ngā Puhi e noho tahi ana ki a Kāpene W. D. Brind i roto o Ngāti Manu i Kororāreka. E kaukau ana rāua i tētahi rā me te tākaro, kātahi ka rumakina rāua ki te wai e ngā wāhine o Ngāti Manu; mea rawa ake kua taki whawhai rātou. Ka haere mai a Te Urumihia, wahine a Kiwikiwi, ki te āwhina i ngā wāhine o Ngāti Manu, ka kangahia ngā wāhine a Brind, arā a Pēhi, tamāhine a Hongi Hika, me Moewaka, tamāhine a Rewa. Ka whākina te kanga ki te whanaunga o Hongi Hika, ki a Ururoa, ko Rewharewha tētahi o ōna īngoa. Nāna i mau mai he taua nō Whangaroa ki te muru i ngā māra a Ngāti Manu. Ka whawhai rātou, nō muri ka mōhiotia ko te 'Pakanga Kōtiro' (Girls' War). Neke atu i te kotahi rau o ngā iwi e rua i mate, ēngari ko Pōmare rāua ko Kiwikiwi i toa.

Ko Hengi o Ngāti Rēhia, he hoa haumi nō Ururoa, tētahi o ngā rangatira rongonui i mate i tēnei pakanga. I muri mai i te rironga o tōna tinana, ka whakatika a Tītore ki te utu i tōna matenga. I mea ia ki te whakaeke i te pā o Kororāreka, ki te kore a Pōmare rāua ko Kiwikiwi e whakawātea i te ata i muri mai. Ka whakawātea a Ngāti Manu i tō rātou nohoanga, ka puta mai. I te tuatahi ka haere ki Paihia, i muri ka haere ki te pā i Ōtūihu. I reira ka hangaia e rātou he pā hou, he mea hanga e rātou kia tika ai mō ngā pū repo. Ahakoa i noho tonu a Kiwikiwi hei rangatira, tōna tūranga he noho punanga i te takiwā o Pōmare. Ka kaha kē ake te mana o Pōmare i roto i a Ngāti Manu.

Nā te mea ko Kororāreka te taunga tino nui, me te wāhi hokohoko tino nui o Pēwhairangi, kua hia tau kē te hiahia o ngā hapū haumi o Ngā Puhi ki te tonga ki tēnei matapopore. Ko te totohe a ngā wāhine nei i whai take ai rātou. Nā runga i te kaha tonu o te iwi nā rātou nei i tango te wāhi nei ki te pupuri tonu, te kaha hoki o Pōmare ki te tango mai anō, he maha ngā tau i taukumekumengia ai tēnei take i waenganui i ngā Māori o tēnei wāhi. I puta te kōrero wawara i 1832 me 1834 ko te whakaekengia a Pōmare i Ōtūihu e ngā hapū o Ngā Puhi o te raki.

I pau ngā kaha o Pōmare ki te whakatika i a Ōtūihu kia kore ai e taea te whakaeke e te tangata, ā, me te whakapaipai hoki, hei tāwhai i a Kororāreka, kia haere katoa mai ai ngā Pākehā ki Ōtūihu. Ākuanei ko ia tonu te tangata nui mō te hokohoko waipiro; e hia kē ngā toa hoko wairama i whakahaerengia i roto i te pā, i a ia anō pea tana mea mahi i te wairama. I hokohoko anō ia i te poaka, i te rīwai me ngā rākau. I whiwhi oranga ia i ngā wāhine taurekareka o te pā e hokona ana hei wāhine tīweka, ā, i whakatenatena ki ngā mahi rota.

Ehara noa iho anō mō ngā totohe mō Kororāreka ngā whawhai i whawhaitia e Pōmare. Nāna i ārahi ngā ope taua ki te tonga i ngā tau 1827 me te tau 1832. I te tuatahi o ēnei pakanga i mate a Te Hou i a ia, ka hokongia tana mātenga mokamokai ki te tangata torowhenua o Wīwī, ki a Dumont d'Urville. I roto anō a Pōmare i ngā whawhai ki a Ururoa i te tau 1832 ki te tau 1833, me Waikato o Rangihoua i te tau 1836.

Kāhore rawa a Pōmare i rata atu ki ngā whakatumatuma mai a te Pākehā ki a ia, ā, ki ana taonga rānei. Tangohia ana e ia ā rātou taonga hei utu mō ēnei mahi, ā, ka tangohia e ia te waka tohorā o Te Kerenene (James Reddy Clendon) i te tau 1832, me te kaipuke o Thomas King i te tau 1833, ā, nā tēnei mahi āna ka tutū te puehu i waenganui i a ia me te rehireneti (British Resident), a Te Pūhipi (James Busby). I taua wā tonu ka tau mai i a Te Karu Whā (Henry Williams), he mihinare nō te Rōpū Hāhi Mihinare (Church Missionary Society); ko te manuao, ko te Alligator, i ū mai i waho tonu atu i te pā o Pōmare. Me kore ake i a Te Karu Whā nāna nei i wawao tēnei raruraru, ā, i tau ai te puehu.

Ahakoa e toru marama te pakanga ki a Tītore i te tau 1837, kāhore tonu anō i tau te noho. I tētahi wā ka tonoa e Tītore e 40 waka me ngā toa e 800, ki te whakaeke i a Ōtūihu. I ētahi wā, e 3,000 pea ngā toa e mau pū ana. I āwhinatia a Pōmare e ngā Pākehā 131 e noho ana i roto i tana pā. Nā Tāreha i whiriwhiri tētahi kawenata maungārongo, ā, ko te matenga o Tītore i muri mai i mutu ngā tautohetohe. He hōhonu rawa atu ngā āhuatanga o te pakanga nei, nō te mea i āta kitea ā-kanohitia tonu e Kāpene Hopihona (William Hobson) o te manuao Rattlesnake. Nā āna pūrongo, āpiti atu ki ngā karere kōrero a Te Pūhipi me te inoi a ngā mihinare, ka tau mai ngā iwi o Ingarangi ki Aotearoa.

I hainatia e Pōmare te Tiriti o Waitangi i te 17 o Pēpuere 1840, ā, i te marama o Mei ka puta tana kupu whakaari, māna a Tirarau me Kawiti e tohe kia haina i te Tiriti. I mahi pono ia ki tana kupu whakaari, ahakoa te mōrikarika ki a ia o ētahi o ngā tikanga a te kāwanatanga o Ingarangi. Kua tau ōna whakaaro kia whakamutua te utu tāke mai i ngā kaipuke i whiwhi ai rātou mō ngā tau maha, ā, ko te mānukanuka o rātou o ngā ngārahu o te iwi Māori ki te āhua o te takatakahi a Ingarangi i runga i ō rātou mana. He tautohe pea nō rāua ko Kawiti, i noho kūpapa ai a Pōmare i te wā i whakatara ai a Hōne Heke rāua ko Kawiti ki te kāwanatanga o Ingarangi i te tau 1844 ki te 1846. Ēngari i whiwhi hau taonga anō ētahi o ngā iwi o Pōmare i te wā i pāhuatia ai te tāone o Kororāreka. Ko te kī a te kāwanatanga he mea haukoti e ia ngā reta whakamoho a Pōmare ki a Pōtatau Te Wherowhero. Hei tikanga whakatūpato ka mau hereherengia a Pōmare i tana pā i te 30 o Āperira 1845, ka wehewehea tana iwi, ka tahuna tana pā, ahakoa e tare ana tana haki rangaawatea. Ka tonoa e Pōmare he kupu ki a Heke me te kōrero: hore kau ia e hiahia ana kia takatū mai rātou mōna te take, nā te mea e pai ana tā rātou tiaki i a ia.

I mauria a Pōmare ki Ākarana (Auckland) i runga i te North Star, ēngari ka tukuna kia haere. Ko Tāmati Wāka Nene te kaitakawaenga. Ka hoatu he waka mōna hei utu i tā rātou mahi hē ki a ia. Nō muri mai ka whakatūngia e Pōmare he taua ki te whawhai i a Heke, ēngari i tana wehi pea, i tana noho kūpapa ka puta mai i te whawhai i Ōhaeawai i te rā tuatahi o Hūrae 1845. Nā tana noho kūpapa i nui ai tōna mana i roto i ngā kōrero maungārongo.

I rangimārie te noho a Pōmare i ana tau whakamutunga. I whakaae ia ki ngā takawaengatanga a te kāwanatanga i ngā tautohe mō ngā whenua. I te tau i mate ai ia, i huri ia ki te hāhi hei Karaitiana. I mate ia i te marama o Hūrae, o Ākuhata rānei, i te tau 1850.


He whakaaturanga anō

Rārangi pukapuka

    Ballara, A. 'Warfare and government in Ngapuhi tribal society, 1814--1833'. MA thesis, Auckland, 1973

    Elder, J. R., ed. Marsden's lieutenants. Dunedin, 1934

    Lee, J. 'I have named it the Bay of Islands…'. Auckland, 1983

    Marsden, S. Letters and journals. Ed. J. R. Elder. Dunedin, 1932

    Munn, D. D. 'Ngati Manu: an ethnohistorical account'. MA thesis, Auckland, 1981

    Sissons, J. et al. The puriri trees are laughing. Auckland, 1987


Me pēnei te tohu i te whārangi:

Angela Ballara. 'Pōmare II', Dictionary of New Zealand Biography, first published in 1990. Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand, https://teara.govt.nz/mi/biographies/1p20/pomare-ii (accessed 7 May 2024)