Ko ngā mahi matua o te Rōpū Whakamana i te Tiriti o Waitangi he arohaehae i ngā kokoraho Māori e pā ana ki ngā whatinga tiriti a te Karauna, me te tuku i āna tūtohinga whakatau. Kāore ōna ritenga huri noa i te ao katoa.
I hangaia te taraipiunara i te wā e tutū ana te puehu i roto i te ao Māori. Mai i te tekau tau 1960 ka tohea kia noho ōrite te mana o te Māori ki te Pākehā i Aotearoa; kia whakarauoratia ake te ahurea Māori (tae atu ki te reo Māori); kia tāpuitia ngā hoko whenua Māori. Ko te iho o te pakanga he rūkahu noa iho te Tiriti, engari nāwai ka whakahautia te Karauna e rātou kia whakamana i te tiriti. Ko te tamaiti o ēnei pakanga katoa ko te hīkoi whenua Māori i te tau 1975.
Neke atu i te kotahi rautau te Māori e nanaiore ana kia rangona ōna kerēme maha i ngā petihana me ngā kēhi engari auare ake. Taka rawa ki 1975 kua maninohea te iwi, ā, ka tahuri ētahi ki te noho i te whenua. Ko te whakahautanga tērā a te minita Māori a Matiu Rata ki ōna hoa mahi o te urupū minita pāremata ki te whakamahu i ngā kōharihari a te iwi Māori mā te whakatū i tētahi taraipiunara motuhake. Mā konei whakamāmāhia ai ngā mahi whakatewhatewha e pā ana ki ngā whatinga o te Karauna i te Tiriti; me te whakatau i ētahi nawe nui i waenga i te Māori me te Pākehā.
Ka tohutohutia te kāwanatanga e ārikarika ana ngā kōrero taunaki e pā ai ki ngā nawe e hoki rawa ake ana ki te wā i hainatia te Tiriti o Waitangi i te tau 1840. Ka hoki whakamuri a Rata, ā, ka takamua kētia te huatau kia aro te Taraipiunara o Waitangi ki ngā nawe o muri mai i te tau 1900. Ka whakahētia tēnei tūtohunga ōna e ōna hoamahi; ā, na runga mai i te ture Tiriti o Waitangi 1975 ka hangā te Rōpū Whakamana i te Tiriti o Waitangi. Heoi, ko ōna mana whakatewhatewha ka tīmata i te rā i whakamanahia taua ture, arā, i te 10 o Whiringa-a-nuku 1975. Ka whakamana anō te ture ko te taraipiunara anake te rāngai whakatau i ngā āhuatanga e pā ana ki te Tiriti o Waitangi; me te aro ki ngā reo e rua. Kīhai te rōpū āpitihana Nāhinara i whakahē; ā, ka kī tētahi o ngā mema ‘he paku noa iho te wāhi ki te taraipiunara’.1
He whakahaerenga paku noa iho te taraipiunara i tōna tīmatanga ake. E ai ki te mātanga tōrangapū a Andrew Sharp “he mea whakatū i te tau 1975 hei karo i ngā hiahia a te Māori kia whakamanahia te Tiriti”.2 Ka tautoko anō te tumu kōrero a Bill Oliver me te kī ‘kāore i whakaarotia ka nui te utu me ngā hui mō te taraipiunara.”3
Ko ngā tāngata o runga i te taraipiunara ko te Kaiwhakawā Matua o te Kōti Whenua Māori a Kenneth Gillanders-Scott, ko Graham Latimer (te kaitono a te minita Māori) me te rōia a Lawrence Southwick (te kaitono a te minita ture). Ko te kerēme tuatahi ko tērā o Joe Hawke o Ngāti Whātua mō te mana whenua o ētahi whenua ā-iwi ki Ōrākei. I te tau 1977 ka whakahē te taraipiunara i a Hawke mā.
Nō te huatakinga ake he iti noa iho ngā pānga o te taraipiunara. Ko ōna mana whakatau ka puritia ki ngā take mohoa; ahakoa i tū te nuinga o ngā raupatu i te rautau 1800. Ka mutu ko ōna tūtohunga ki te kāwanatanga kāore e whai mana. Ko te heitara a ētahi Māori he kongakonga te taraipiunara hei whakararata i te hunga mautohe; me te karo i ngā āwhero a te Māori.
I te tau 1980 ka whakakapia e Taihākurei Dury te tūnga o Kaiwhakawā Gillanders-Scott hei tumuaki mō te rōpū whakamana. Ko 1982 te tau ka taka mai a Lawrence Southbrick, ā, ka tū ko te rōia ko Paul Temm hei piki tūranga. I te pikinga atu o Temm, tē aro i a ia he aha hoki te taraipiunara. Heoi nā te ū tonu o te taraipiunara ki āna kawenga ka mea a Temm mā te taraipiunara hei ‘taumau i te kawa ō-paki me te tika’’.1 Ko te nuinga o ngā hui taraipiunara ka tū ki ngā marae maha, ā, ka whakareopākehātia ngā kōrero reo Māori, kia mārama ai te minenga.
I te tau 1982 ka tū te rongo kōrero tuatahi a te taraipiunara ki tētahi marae nō Te Āti Awa o Taranaki. Ko Aila Taylor te māngai o te iwi i tuku kōrero mō ngā tikanga kohi kaimoana mai i te takutai hei whāngai manuhiri. He tohu mana, he tohu manaaki tērā nō te hunga kāinga. I runga i tōna whakatau ka whakahē mārika te taraipiunara ki te whakaputu noa o te para tūtae ki te pātaka kaimoana o te iwi, kāore anō hoki i aro ki te ahurea o te Māori.
I te tau 1984 ka whakamana te kāwanatanga Reipa kia tiro whakamua rā anō te taraipiunara ki ngā kerēme tae atu ki te hainatanga o te Tiriti o Waitangi i te tau 1840. Ko te whakakakenga anō tērā o ngā mema o te taraipiunara mai i te toru ki te whitu; me whā rawa o rātou he Māori. He tokowhitu anō ka kōwhiritia hei tuarua, hei kaiwhakakapi rānei. Ka riro kaimahi anō te taraipiunara. Heoi ka noho noa iho te taraipiunara hei rōpū whiriwhiri noa iho, ā, ko ōna tūtohunga mā te kāwanatanga e whakatau me pēhea.
From 1983 a series of landmark cases brought the tribunal to the forefront of public and political life.
Hei urupare i te Ture Hinonga Kāwanatanga 1986, ka whakawhānuihia ngā mana me ngā rauemi a te taraipiunara. Ka toko ake i taua ture te huatau tērā ka kore e whai mana te whakatau a te taraipiunara ki ngā whenua ka hokona e te kāwanatanga. Nā whai anō i te tau 1987 ka kawe te Kaunihera Māori i te kēhi ki te Kōti Pīra. Ko te whakatau a te Kōti Pīra me aro e te kāwanatanga ngā mātāpono o te Tiriti hei ōna whiriwhiringa hinonga kāwanatanga.
Ko te hua ko te Ture Tiriti o Waitangi (Hinonga Kāwanatanga) 1988. Nō raro i tēnei ture ka āhei te taraipiunara te tuku tūtohu ki te kāwanatanga kia whitikina ngā rawa hinonga kāwanatanga ka taka ki roto ki tētahi whakataunga kerēme ā-iwi. Otirā ka whakawhānuihia ngā mema o te taraipiunara ki te 17 tae atu ki ngā mahi whakahaere. Ko tēnei te wā ka tino mōhiotia ai te taraipiunara ki Aotearoa.
Nā te rongonuitanga o te taraipiunara ka tīmata ngā mahi tātā mōna. Ko tā ētahi me waiho ngā nawe o mua ki reira nehua ai. Ko tā ētahi anō me wareware ngā tino raru o mua a te Māori. Ka mutu ka kī te kaiārahi āpitihana a Robert Muldoon me whakakore te taraipiunara. He mea tuarua e tana māngai Māori e Winitana Peters, me tana whakaōhiti ka tutū te puehu i waenga i te marea mō te iho nei. I te pito o te tekau tau 1980 ko Kaiwhakawā Eddie Durie te heamana o te taraipiunara. Nā te huhua tangata ka waea i tōna me te kanga i a ia, ka hunaia e ia tōna nama waea.
Ko te mahara a te hunga tātā ko te nui o te utu o ngā whakataunga tiriti. Ka mahara ētahi kei whati ngā ohaoha o te motu. Ko 1994 te tau ka whakaputa te kāwanatanga i te ‘kōpaki pūtea’. Kei te matū o tēnei kaupapa ka whakakorehia te whitikinga o ngā rawa hinonga kāwanatangā mā roto i ngā whakataunga ā-iwi, ā, kei te wāriu o te 1 piriona noa iho tōna hōmai ki te iwi Māori tōpū. Nā ngā iwi o te motu te whakahē i te kōpaki pūtea i te kore aro ki ngā tūkinotanga i whakawhiua. Ka hinga te kōpaki pūtea, ā, ka whakarerea ki te taha.
Nō te tau 1993 inā te mātinitini o ngā kērēme e tāria ana te whakarongo. Ka whakaae anō ōna kaitaunaki kei te mahue mai te taraipiunara ki muri. Hei whakautu ki tēnei raru ka hautū te taraipiunara i te tūmahi o Rangahaua Whānui; hei whakatere i ngā mahi rangahau. Ko te ia o tēnei kaupapa he raupapa pūrongo whānui e pā ana ki ngā nawe tiriti o ia rohe. Kīhai i tutuki tāna i manako ai, ā, ka taumaha tonu ngā mahi a te taraipiunara. I te tau 1995 ka makere mai te kaiwhakahaere tuatahi a Buddy Mikaere i tōna tūnga, me tāna amuamu kāre he paku aha mōna me tana uepū.
I te tau 1996 ko te whakarewanga o te pūnaha hōu mō ngā rongo kerēme. Ka mutu ko te whakatōpūtanga tērā o ngā kōrero o tēnā rohe o tēnā rohe, ki te puka kēhi. I muri ka whakarongo te taraipiunara i ngā kerēme tōpū, me te whakahau i ōna kitenga ki tētahi pūrongo whānui. Ko te rohe o Mōhaka ki Ahuriri te tuatahi o ēnei rohe kia tirohia e te taraipiunara.
Nōna e mahi rōia ana i ngā tau o 1980 ko Joe Williams te kaiwaiata me te kaipurei rakuraku o te pēne ‘reggae’ o Aotearoa. I te tau 1985 ka puta te waiata rongonui o te pēne a ‘Maranga ake ai’. Otirā e karanga ana ki te rangatahi kia tū tangata i roto i te ao. I a ia tonu e hautū ana i te taraipiunara ka whakatangitangi tonu ia i tana kitā mō te pēne. Nāwai atu ka tū ia hei kaiwhakawā mō te Kōti Teitei.
Kia koke whakamua ai ngā kerēme ka whakatū te kāwanatanga i te rōpū whai kaupapa i roto i te Manatū Ture hei whakatewhatewha i ngā take whakataunga tiriti. Ā, i te tau 1995 ka mōhiotia tēnei rōpū ko te Tari Whiriwhiri i ngā Take e pā ana ki te Tiriti o Waitangi (OTS). Ka mutu kei tēnei rōpū te mana ki te whiriwhiri whakataunga me te kore whai i tētahi pūrongo a te Rōpū Whakamana i te Tiriti o Waitangi. He huarahi tōtika ake tēnei ki te Karauna.
I tōna huritau rua tekau mā rima i te tau 2000 ka whakaputa te heamana hou a Kaiwhakawā Joe Williams (Ngāti Pūkenga, Te Arawa) i te ‘Ara Hou’ hei whakapoto anō i te wā e tāria ai tētahi rongo kerēme. Mā te whiriwhiri i ngā take whakaae i mua i ngā rongo kōrero ka āhei te arotahi o ngā take kāore i te whakaaetia e ngā taha e rua. E ai ki a Kaiwhakawā Williams ko te kaupapa matua o te taraipiunara ‘kia whakatau te Karauna me te iwi’.1 I Tūranga te rongo kōrero Ara Hou tuatahi. Nō te tau 2004 ka puta te pūrongo.
I te tau 2011 ka taea e te Māori kotahi te tuku kerēme ki te Rōpu Whakamana i te Tiriti o Waitangi. Ka taea e ngā kaikokoraho te whakamahi i ngā rōia hei whakarite, hei tuku hoki i ā rātou kerēme. He wā kua tukuna ētahi pūtea āwhina ki te taha utu ture.
Mena ka pā tētahi kerēme ki te ture, me te mahi rānei a te Karauna i mua i te 21 o Hepetema 1992 ka kīa he kerēme onamata. Mai i tērā wā ka kīa he kerēme inamata. I raro i te Whakahounga o te Ture Tiriti o Waitangi 2006 ka kati ngā tono kerēme onamata ki te taraipiunara, mai i te 2 o ngā rā o Mahuru 2008.
Kia whakaaetia rā anō te kerēme e te Rōpū Whakamana i te Tiriti o Waitangi mā ngā apataki o te rōpū anō e whakatau he aha ngā kōrero me rangahau. Ka rokohanga mai ko ērā kōrero a ngā iwi, hapū, whānau hoki; me ngā kōrero tuku iho e pā ana ki ngā whakawhiu a te Karauna ki runga ki ngā kaitono. Nā te taraipiunara me ngā iwi tonu i rangahau tahi ngā kōrero. Ka āhei ngā kaitono te tono pūtea mai i te Rōpū Tiaki Reti Ngahere (Tā tēnei rōpū he kohikohi i ngā utunga moni mai i ngā whenua ngahere nā te Karauna i raihana, arā, he whenua pea ka whakahokia ki ngā kaikokoraho[PW1] ). Ka whakamana anō te Karauna i ngā rangahau e pā ana ki ngā kerēme.
Ko ngā kaimahi tonu o te taraipiunara ngā kairangahau mō te Rōpū Whakamana. He uaua, he maha ngā taipitopito o ngā rangahau nei, ka mutu kua kitea ētahi whakamāramatanga hou mō ngā whanaungatanga ā-iwi ki Aotearoa nei. Ko ētahi o ngā rangahau kōrero ka tāia ki te puka. Otirā ko Te Urewera, 1820-1921 tērā te puka a Judith Binney; ko The Beating Heart: a political and socio-economic history of Te Arawa nā Vincent O’Malley rāua ko David Armstrong; me This is My Place: Hauraki contested 1769-1875 nā Paul Monin.
He maha ngā kaupapa kōrero ka kapi katoa i ngā rangahau. Ko ētahi pūrongo nā ngā mātanga tumu kōrero tonu i tuku. He mea wātea kau iho ki te tūmatanui, ā, i ētahi wā ka tāia ki te puka. Heoi ka manaaki anō te taraipiunara i ngā taunaki ā-waha mō ngā mahinga onamata, me ngā pātere mōteatea hoki hei whakatau iho i ngā kare ā-roto. He wā kua tuku ā-waha anō te Karauna i āna rangahau, inā koa, ngā tukunga ā-waha o ētahi o ngā apataki kāwanatanga o tau kē.
Mai i te tau 1996 ka whakaemi katoatia ngā kōrero e pā ana ki tētahi arohaehae, ā, ka tāia ki te puka kēhi. Hei roto katoa ko te tūāpapa mahi a te taraipiunara mō aua kerēme. He maha ngā kōrero kua kohia i roto i ngā tau i hangā ai te rangahautanga whānui mō ngā tāpaetanga whenua Māori mai i ōna pāhekoheko me te Pākehā i muri i te hainatanga o te tiriti. Kāre pea he ritenga ki a Aotearoa mō tōna kaha rangahau i ngā kōrero mō tōna whakataiwhenuatanga.
I te tau 2011 ko Kaiwhakawā Wilson Isaac (Ngāti Porou, Tūhoe me Ngāti Kahungunu) te heamana, ā, ko tōna tuarua ko Kaiwhakawā Stephanie Milroy (Tūhoe me Ngāti Whakaue). E 20 kē atu ngā mema. He mea tīpako ēnei e te kāwana tianara whai muri anō i ngā tītohinga a te Minita Māori me ana kōrerorero ki te Minita Ture. Ko ētahi o ā rātou whakapau kaha ki te taha ture, hītori, aromātai tangata, whakawhanake pakihi, hapori hoki.
Ka kawe te taraipiunara i ngā kerēme me te tuku tūtohu mō ngā kerēme. Ka whawhao pūrongo anō te rōpū mō ngā ture hōu me te tuku i āna tūtohunga, whakataunga rānei ki ngā whenua ngāherehere Karauna, ngā whenua rerewe, ngā whenua hinonga kāwanatanga me ngā whenua i takohatia hei kura.
Nō muri i te whakaaetanga a te taraipiunara kātahi ka whakarōpūpūhia ngā kerēme hei arotake. Ko ngā momo arotake ka pā ki ngā rohe, ngā kaupapa whānui me ngā kaupapa ohorere. Ko ētahi arotake ā-rohe i te tau 2011 ko tērā mō Te Paparahi o te Raki me Te Rohe Pōtae. Ko ngā arotake whānui ka pā ki ngā kaupapa ā-motu pērā i te Ture mō Ngā Taonga Taiao me Ngā Mana Pupuri 2011. Ko te iho o tēnei kerēme ko te mana ki te Mātauranga Māori me ngā taonga o te taiao. He takitahi te wā tū ai ētahi arotake ohorere, arā, i ngā wā ka whakaarotia e takahia ana ngā kaitono kerēme e ngā whakatau e ngā ture rānei a te Karauna. E toru ki te whitu ngā mema ka tukuna ki ia arotake kia āhei te tūtū o ngā arotake maha i te wā kotahi.
I roto i tētahi arotake ā-rohe ka tū ngā raupapatanga hui ki ngā marae me ngā wāhi tūmatanui o taua rohe. Hei ia hui ka whāia te kawa o te tangata whenua, engari whai muri ka tuwhera te rongo kōrero ki te katoa. Whai muri i ngā kawa whakatuwhera i ngā kōrero ka hora ngā kaitono i ā rātou kōrero i roto i te reo Māori me te reo Pākehā. He maha ngā piki me ngā heke ka whakaaturia mai e ngā kaumātua i roto i ā rātou kōrero. He wā kua heria haeretia te taraipiunara ki ngā pā me ngā wāhi tapu a ngā kaitono. Kātahi te Karauna ka urupare i ōna taunaki. He mea hopu katoa ngā kōrero ki te rīpene.
Whai muri i te rongonga o ngā taunaki kōrero o ia taha ka tahuri te taraipiunara ki te whakatau mēnā ka whai kiko anō te kerēme. Kia mārama tērā ko te whakaputanga o tōna pūrongo ā-tuhi e whakarāpopoto ana i āna kitenga me ōna tūtohunga ki te Karauna mō te utu i ngā kaitono, te wete i te hara, me te whakakore i ngā whakahāweatanga mō āke tonu atu. Ko ēnei pūrongo hoki te tūāpapa mō ngā whiriwhiringa kōrero a te kaitono me te Karauna. Heoi he wā anō ka kore anō te Karauna e ū ki ngā tohutohu a te taraipiunara.
Nō te Poutūterangi o 2009 e 100 ngā pūrongo ka tāia e te Rōpū Whakamana i te Tiriti o Waitangi. Ko ētahi he whārangi kotahi te poto, ko ētahi he raupapatanga pukapuka e pā ai ki ngā rongo kerēme ā-rohe, takiwā hoki. He maha ngā kerēme ka taea i te nōhanga kotahi. He mea tuku ngā pūrongo nei ki te manatū ture me ngā kaitono, kātahi ka tāia ki te puka me te pae tukutuku o te Rōpū Whakamana i te Tiriti o Waitangi.
I te tau 1984 ka tuhi te mātanga mō ngā ture o te ao a Ahorangi Quentin Quentin-Baxter mō te taumata o ngā whanaungatanga ā-iwi o Aotearoa me ngā mahi anō o te Rōpū Whakamana i te Tiriti o Waitangi. ‘Tēnā ka puta a Aotearoa hei whenua motuhake … ka meatia nā te mea he pūtahitanga ēnei motu nō ngā iwi whai mana e rua. I roto anō i ngā taukumekume ka kitea tonutia te rangatiratanga. Kāore e kore hei reira ōna korapa, engari kāhore ōna ritenga i te ao katoa, ā, me kaua e ngaro i a tātou.’1
Nā te Rōpū Whakamana i te Tiriti o Waitangi ka ohooho ake ai te marea ki te anamata me te onamata o Aotearoa. Ko tāna he ngana kia tūhuratia, kia pūrongotia hoki ngā whatinga oati a te Karauna ki te Māori mai anō i te tau 1840. Ko tāna anō he para i te huarahi whakamua. Kua mea te taraipiunara mena ka whai utu tika te Māori mō ngā hē o mua ka ea katoa ngā hē o mua, ā, e kore a muri e hokia. Ko tētahi o ngā mātāpono matua o te tiriti ka whakatairangatia ake e te taraipiunara ko te noho mārie o te hononga i waenganui i ngā iwi Māori me te Karauna.
Belgrave, Michael. Historical frictions: Māori claims and reinvented histories. Auckland: Auckland University Press, 2005.
Byrns, Giselle. The Waitangi Tribunal and New Zealand history. Auckland: Oxford University Press, 2004.
Oliver, W. H. Claims to the Waitangi Tribunal. Wellington: Waitangi Tribunal Division, Dept of Justice, 1991.
Sharp, Andrew. Justice and Maori: the philosophy and practice of Maori claims in New Zealand since the 1970s. Auckland: Oxford University Press, 1997.
Ward, Alan. An unsettled history: treaty claims in New Zealand today. Wellington: Bridget Williams Books, 1999.