I mua i te waitohutanga o te Tiriti o Waitangi, i te hōpara ngāi Māori me te taupori manene Piritānia ngā āhuatanga o te noho tahi. He nui ngā āhuatanga i whakaatu i te tikanga rua o Aotearoa, nā te mea e āhei ana ngā iwi e rua te mahi i roto i te ahurea o tērā atu iwi. Nāwai rā, ka ako te Māori me te Pākehā i te ahurea kē, me te aha, ka urutau i tōna ake ahurea. Ko ngā Pākehā-Māori (Ngā Pākehā i noho ki ngā hapori Māori, ā, ka mahi hei takawaenga i waenganui i ngā ahurea e rua) ētahi o ngā tāngata tikanga rua tūturu o te whenua. I whakatenatena ētahi rangatira i aua Pākehā-Māori ki moe wahine i roto i ō rātou whānau kia whai painga i ō rātou pūkenga 'tikanga rua'.
I te tau 1840 ko te taupori o Aotearoa ko tōna 90,000 Māori, ā, he 2,000 anake te tauiwa, nā reira i whaimana tonu te Māori i whakamanahia i raro i He Whakaputanga (te Whakaputanga o te Rangatiratanga o 1835).
Heoi anō, ka tauarohia tēnei taurite kore i ngā tekau tau i muri iho. Whai muri i te waitohutanga o te Tiriti o Waitangi i te tau 1840, ka whakatū te hunga Piritānia i te kāwanatanga ki Aotearoa. Ka piki te taupori tauiwi, ā, he tokomaha rawa ake i ngāi Māori, ā, ahakoa ngā whakahaumaru i oatihia i roto i te tiriti, ka whakaaro ngā kāwanatanga ko ngā tukunga iho me te ahurea Piritānia te mea matua. Ko te kawatau ka whakapākehātia ngā ahurea katoa ehara i Piritānia ki te ahurea whakatuanui a te Pākehā.
Nā reira, he roa te wā e ahutahi ana a Aotearoa, ahakoa he mea ōpaki. Hei tauira, i roto i te pūrongo a Hunn, he arotake i te Tari Take Māori, ā, i pānuitia i te tau 1961, he tohutohu whānui ki ngā whakounga pāpori e hāngai ana ki te iwi Māori, tae atu ki te taunaki i te nekehanga o ngā whānau Māori i te tuawhenua ki ngā tāonenui, he wāhi ahurea Pākehā. Kāore i whakahaumarutia te ahurea Māori mā te whakatenatena i ngā rōpū ā-whānau kia heke tahi ai.
Ka tū te whakawākanga tuatahi o te Rōpū Whakamana i te Tiriti o Waitangi, i te tau 1977, ki te rūma kanikani o te Intercontinental Hotel i Tāmakimakaurau. Tatū rawa ki ngā 1980 ka tū ngā whakawākanga ki ngā marae a ngā kaikerēme, i ētahi atu wāhi rānei i whakaata i te tikanga Māori me te ao Māori. Ka tūtohu tēnei panoni kaupapahere i te whakaaetanga nui ki te tikanga rua e ngā rōpū ōkawa.
Hei hua o te neke ki te tāonenui, tatū rawa ki ngā 1970 he maha ngā Māori e noho ana ki ngā tāonenui. Ka hanga tonu te kāwanatanga i ngā kaupapahere ki tā te Māori titiro i whati i te Tiriti o Waitangi, i whakarite ngāi Māori i ngā porotū rongonui, whaitake hoki pērā i te hīkoi i 1975 i arahina e Whina Cooper. Nā aua porotū, i whakaatu ngāi Māori (me ngā kaitautoko tauiwi) i ngā whatinga a te Karauna i te Tiriti o Waitangi. I te mutunga o 1975 i urupare te kāwanatanga me te whakamana i te ture hei whakatū i te Rōpū Whakamana i te Tiriti o Waitangi ki te whakatewhatewha i ngā kerēme mō ngā whatinga tiriti o te wā. I te tau 1985, i muri te pēhanga anō o te porotū Māori, ka whakawhānui te kāwanatanga i ngā mana o te taraipiunara ki ngā whatinga o te tiriti mai i te tau 1840. Ka whakauru ngā pūrongo a te taraipiunara i ngā whakaaro pērā i te 'rangapū tiriti' ki ngā tōrangapū o Aotearoa.
I te tau 1980 ka wehe te mema pāremata Māori a Matiu Rata (Ngāti Kurī, Te Aupōuri, Ngāti Whātua), i te Pāti Reipa ki te waihanga i Mana Motuhake, he pāti tōrangapū i taunaki i te mana motuhake Māori. I mua ko Matiu Rata te minita Take Māori, ā, nāna tonu i ārahi te whakatūnga o te taraipiunara. I te tau 1982 i pānui a Hiwi Tauroa (Ngāpuhi), te kaiwhakawhanaunga ā-iwi i te pūrongo, Race against time, ko te whakapae me whakapau kaha ki te whakatika i te āhua o ngā whanaungatanga ā-iwi. Nā ēnei whanaketanga i āwhina ki te waihanga i te tūāpapa kia tūtohu i te hiahia mō te tikanga rua.
Nā ngā porotū Māori o ngā 1970 me ngā 1980 i tino panoni te āhua i whakaarohia a Aotearoa e āna tāngata, ā, he pēhea te whakaratonga a te kāwanatanga i ngā ratonga ki ngā tāngata nō Aotearoa. I tīmata te rāngai tūmatanui ki te kōrero mō he Aotearoa me tikanga rua me te aro atu ki te Tiriti o Waitangi hei pukapuka taketake o te motu. Ka tīmata ngā tari kāwanatanga ki te aro atu ki te whakaaro me tautokohia ōkawatia ngā reo, ngā ahurea me ngā kōrero tuku iho o te, Pākehā me te Māori e te kāwanatanga. I te tau 1987, ka puta te reo Māori hei reo ōkawa o Aotearoa i raro i te Ture Reo Māori. Nā reira, i taea ai e te katoa te whakamahi i te reo Māori ki ngā wāhi ōkawa pērā i te Pāremata me ngā kōti.
Nā Ranginui Walker (Whakatōhea) he kaituhi, he pūkenga, i tuhi, ‘To survive in the political economy, Māori are impelled to learn and to function in two cultures. Therefore Māori are, by definition, bicultural.’1I roto i tana pukapuka o 1992 Becoming bicultural, ka whakaahua te kaimātai hinengaro mātauranga a James Ritchie biculturalism pēnei ‘a fact of contemporary social life so profound that everything we do, everything we are, must be considered and reconsidered in terms of it. My world is divided not just into Māori and Pākehā but into those who think biculturally and those who do not’2
I te mutunga o ngā 1980, ka puta ngā pūrongo i te rāngai tūmatanui i wehe i ngā kaupapahere whakapākehā o mua, ā, ka whakaata i te Aotearoa hou e whai ana i te tikanga rua. Ka marohi ētahi o ēnei pūrongo i ngā panoni ki ngā tari kāwanatanga kia tika, kia whaitake hoki mā te Māori.
Tērā pea ko te tauira matua o te wawata tikanga rua i whakamahia e te rāngai tūmatanui ko te pūrongo a te Kōmihana Roera mō te Kaupapahere Pāpori i te tau 1987. Ka kī te pūrongo ‘the Maori dimension is basic to New Zealand society and this must have profound implications for all social policy.’3 Ka whakaurua i te kōrero whānui o te Tiriti o Waitangi me ngā hīraunga me ngā whāinga mō te kaupapahere pāpori. Ko te mea tino nui, ko ētahi o ngā upoko o te pūrongo i whakamāoritia ki te reo Māori, e whakaata ana kua noho te reo Māori hei reo ōkawa o Aotearoa i te tau 1987.
I te tau 1986, nā Pūao-te-ata-tū: daybreak i tuku te tirohanga Māori mō te Tari Hauora Pāpori. Pērā i ētahi atu pūrongo, ka whakaata te ingoa reo rua i te tūmanako kia whaiwhakaaro ki ngā hononga Māori–kāwanatanga i runga i te ara hou, me te tikanga rua. I te tau 1988 i karanga te pepa kaupapahere kāwanatanga mō ngā take Māori, He tirohanga rangapū: partnership perspectives, mō ngā panoni nui ki te whakaratonga o ngā ratonga take Māori kia whai wāhi atu te Māori. Engari ko te urupare kē a te kāwanatanga Reipa, Te urupare rangapu: partnership response, i marohi i te hanganga anō iti o te Tari Take Māori. Ka āhua haere tonu te whakaaro tikanga rua i raro i te kāwanatanga Nahinara i 1990. Ka whakaritea e Ka awatea: a new day te tauira a te kāwanatanga mō te whanaketanga Māori, i arotahi ki te mātauranga hei kaupapa matua mō te whakatutukitanga Māori.
Ko tētahi whakaaweawe o ngā whakahou rāngai kāwanatanga kia whakaahu kē te āhua o waho o te rāngai, me tana urupare ki te Māori, kia āhua tikanga rua. Tatū rawa ki ngā 2000, i whai te nuinga o ngā tari kāwanatanga i te ingoa Māori. E kitea nuitia ana te karakia me te waiata ki ngā hui ōkawa, ā, i whakaratohia te whakatā tangihanga. I tēnei wā ko ngā kupu, ngā tohu me ngā ariā Māori e kitea whānuitia i roto, i waho hoki i te kāwanatanga me te rāngai tūmatanui. I raro i te Public Service Act 2020 me aro atu ngā kaihautū matua i roto i te rāngai tūmatanui ki ngā whāinga me ngā tūmanako Māori, me te taurima kia nui ake te whai wāhi o ngāi Māori i roto i te ratonga tūmatanui.
Ahakoa ka whanaketia te kaupapahere tikanga rua i roto i te rāngai tūmatanui, tērā ētahi atu wāhanga o te pāpori o Aotearoa e wānanga ana i ngā whakaaro e pā ana ki te tikanga rua. I te tau 1986, i tukuna atu e te kōmihana tikanga rua a te Hāhi Mihinare te pūrongo Te kaupapa tikanga rua: bi-cultural development. I tūtohu tēnei kia panoni i te turepapa o te hāhi ki te whakaata me te whakapūmau i te rangapū me te tikanga rua. Ka whakatinana te hāhi i te nuinga o ngā tūtohu o te kōmihana, ā, i tēnei wā e whakaata tonu ana i ngā panoni o ngā 1980.
I tohe te rōia matatika tāngata, a Moana Jackson ((Ngāti Kahungunu, Rongomaiwahine, Ngāti Porou) mō te āhua kaha ake o te tikanga rua mā te whakatūnga o te pūnaha manatika Māori. I tohe a Ahorangi Whatarangi Winiata (Ngāti Raukawa) kia pai ake te whakaata o te manapori pāremata o Aotearoa i te āhuatanga o te rangapū tiriti.
He nui hoki ngā panoni e haere tonu ana e whakaata ana i te haerenga tikanga rua kua puta i ētahi atu āhuatanga o te pāpori o Aotearoa. I mua i ngā 1990, ka waiatahia te ngaringari ā-motu i roto i te reo Pākehā. I te wā i waiata a Hinewehi Mohi (Ngāti Kahungunu, Ngāi Tūhoe) i te ngaringari ki te reo Māori anake i tētahi kēmu whutupāori i Twickenham i Piritānia, ka puta mai te taupatupatu ā-motu. Ka māori noa te waiata i te wāhanga reo Māori o te ngaringari ā-motu i te tuatahi, whai muri ko te mea Pākehā, ā, ināianei, koinei te āhuatanga e waiatatia ai te ngaringari ā-motu. Mai i te tau 2022, i whakanui te hararei tūmatanui hou i te Hune i a Matariki, te tau hou Māori.
Ko te whakarauora i te reo Māori tētahi wāhanga waiwai o te tikanga rua i roto i ngā tau tata. Kei te piki te maha o ngā tāngata nō Aotearoa e taea ai te kōrero pai ake i ngā kupu me ngā kīanga ruarua noa iho. Ehara i te mea rerekē kia rongo i ngā ingoa reo Māori, reo Pākehā hoki o ngā tāone me ngā tāonenui, ā, he maha ngā tāngata e kōrero i te ingoa Aotearoa mō tō tātou motu.
Kua whakahēngia te tikanga rua, nā te mea ka aukati i te tino rangatiratanga i whakaaetia ai ki te Māori i raro i te tiriti. Kua tohe ētahi he pāpaku te whakahou i ngā whakanōhanga me ngā hātepe onāianei, ā, he iti te ahu whakamua o ngāi Māori me ngā matatika tiriti. E whakapono ana rātou ka whakahaua e te tikanga rua tūturu i te whanaketanga o ngā whakanōhanga rerekē, he Māori nei, hei āta whakaatu i te rangapū tiriti. I te tau 2015 i tukuna te Iwi Chairs Forum i Matike mai, he pūrongo i taunaki i te huringa turepapa i Aotearoa. I marohitia ētahi tauira e taea ai te Māori te whakahaere i te mana (mā te Māori, mō te Māori) i te taha o tauiwi. I te tau 2019, i whakahaua e te kāwanatanga he pūrongo motuhake e kīia nei He puapua. Ka kōrero tēnei mō te ara kia whakamana a Aotearoa i te Whakapuakitanga o te Kotahitanga o te Ao mō ngā Iwi Taketake i Aotearoa nei. Ka kōrerotia ngā ara mā te Māori kia whakamahi i te mana nō roto o te tūāpapa tikanga Māori.
He maha ngā iwi me ngā ahurea e noho nei ki Aotearoa, engari ka aro noa te kāwanatanga ki te ahu whakatuanui a te Pākehā me te ahurea taketake a te Māori. Ka hiahia ētahi tāngata he ōkawa kē te kākano maha i Aotearoa. Ko te tikanga o tēnei i roto i ngā kupu kaupapahere, ka ōkawa te aro atu a te kāwanatanga me te whakarato hoki mō te ahurea, reo, mōtika hoki o ngā ahurea huhua, kaua ko te Pākehā me te Māori anake.
Heoi anō, e whakapono ana te hunga e tautoko ana i te tikanga rua mā te kaupapahere kākano maha ōkawa e ōrite ai te mana o te ahurea me te reo Māori ki ērā atu ahurea, reo hoki. E tohe ana rātou i raro i te Tiriti o Waitangi kua waihangatia tētahi kawatau motuhake kia whakahaumaru te Karauna i ngā mōtika o te Māori. Ki ngā tāngata maha e tautoko ana i te tikanga rua, he tūāpapa hira tēnei mō tētahi Aotearoa kākano maha angitu. He mea hira e taea ana e ngā tāngata katoa te wāteatanga kia whakamahi i ō rātou hiahia ahurea; ko te taupatupatu kē me whai ēhea ahurea i te whakamanatanga ōkawa.
I kī a Ranginui Walker (Whakatōhea) i tētahi wā, ‘Māori remind Pākehā that becoming bicultural enough to be at ease in the other founding culture of the nation is the first step towards becoming multicultural.’1 I te tau 1997, ka whakapae te Race Relations Conciliator Rajen Prasad i te ara hou kia whakaaro mō Aotearoa i karo i ngā tautohetohe o mua. Ka tautuhi pēnei ia i Aotearoa ‘a multi-ethnic society with an indigenous culture and with a founding document that regulates the relationship between iwi and Crown.’2
Kua marohi ētahi tāngata he hiahia kia kōrero mō Aotearoa hei motu-rua, kaua ko te tikanga rua. I raro i te 'motu-rua' ko Aotearoa te whenua kotahi me ngā motu e rua - Māori me te tauiwi. Ka whakaae tēnei tauira i te motu tauiwi kia whai i te ara kākano maha, me te whakaae ki te Māori te kōwhiringa ki te whai i te mana motuhake kaha ake.
Ka kī te kaipūtaiao tōrangapū Dominic O'Sullivan (Te Rarawa, Ngāti Kahu) ko te tikanga rua he 'whakaaro takirua' e whakamahia whānuitia ana i ngā 1980 me ngā 1990 kia whai reo te Māori i roto i ngā whakataunga tōrangapū i raro i te anga o te rangapū tiriti i waenga i te Māori me te Karauna. Ka tohe ia ko te Māori te teina i taua hononga, ā, kāore e whakatutukihia ngā tūmanako Māori mō te mana motuhake i raro i taua tauira. Ka taunaki ia i te kirirarau rerekē e whakarite ana i te Māori i roto i te rerekētanga o tana hononga ki te Karauna.3
Ahakoa kāore i te kōrerotia whānuitia te 'tikanga rua' i tēnei wā, ka kuneroa tonu ngā whakaaro mō te hononga tika i waenga i te Māori me te tauiwi.
Durie M. Te mana, te kāwanatanga: the politics of Māori self-determination. Tāmaki makaurau: Oxford University Press, 1998.
Fleras, Augie, rāua ko Paul Spoonley. Recalling Aotearoa: indigenous politics and ethnic relations in New Zealand. Tāmaki makaurau: Oxford University Press, 1999.
O’Sullivan, Dominic. Beyond biculturalism: the politics of an indigenous minority. Te Whanganui-a-Tara: Huia, 2007.
Ritchie, James. Becoming bicultural. Te Whanganui-a-Tara: Huia; Daphne Brasell Associates, 1992.
Sharp, Andrew. Justice and the Māori: the philosophy and practice of Māori claims in New Zealand since the 1970s. 2nd ed. Tāmaki makaurau: Oxford University Press, 1997.
Sibley, C., rāua ko J. H. Liu. ‘Attitudes towards biculturalism in New Zealand: social dominance and Pakeha attitudes towards the general principles and resource-specific aspects of bicultural policy, New Zealand Journal of Psychology, 33:2, wh. 88–99.
Smits, Katherine. ‘The politics of biculturalism.’ I roto i New Zealand government & politics, edited by Raymond Miller. Putanga 5. South Melbourne; Tāmaki makaurau: Oxford University Press, 2010: 66–76.
Terruhn, J. ‘Settler colonialism and biculturalism in Aotearoa/New Zealand’. I roto i The Palgrave Handbook of ethnicity, edited by S. Ratuva. Hingapoa: Palgrave Macmillan, 2019.