Te Rōpū Whakamana i te Tiriti o Waitangi

Te hanga i te Rōpū Whakamana i te Tiriti o Waitangi, tekau tau 1970

I whakatūria te Rōpū Whakamana i te Tiriti o Waitangi (te taraipiunara) i te 1975, i taua wā e tutū ana te puehu nā ngā porotēhi o ngā 1970, he mea whakatū nā runga i ngā inoi a te Māori, mō ngā tekau tau i hipa, kia puretumu ngā takahitanga a te Karauna, ki te Māori. He whāiti noa te mana whakahaere a te taraipiunara i tōna oroko tīmatanga, arā, ko te titiro noa ki ngā take onāianei, ka mutu i itiiti rawa ngā uiuinga.

Te tipu o ngā porotēhi

I whakatūria te taraipiunara i te wā e tutū ana te puehu i te pāpori nā runga i ngā takahitanga i te porihanga o mua, o nāianei hoki ki te Māori. Neke atu i te rau tau a ngāi Māori e nanaiore ana kia whakatauria o rātou nawe ki te Karauna, mā roto mai i ngā petihana, ngā kēhi kōti me ētahi atu ara ture, engari auare ake.

He ‘whananga Māori’ i hua mai i ngā tōmuri tau 1960, nā, hei tāpiri atu, ko ngā tono kia kaha ake te ōritenga i te ture me te pāpori, pērā ki ērā o tauiwi, ko te whakarauora i te ahurea Māori (hui atu hoki ko te reo Māori), ka mutu ko te aukati i te hokonga whenua Māori e toe ana. Ko te pōhēhē a ētahi kaiporotēhi he rūkahu noa iho te Tiriti, engari nāwai ka whakahautia te Karauna e rātou kia whakamanahia te tiriti. Taka rawa ki 1975 kua maninohea te iwi, ā, ka hīkoi whenua ki Pāremata.

Ko Matiu Rata (Ngāti Kurī, Te Aupōuri, Ngāti Whātua), te minita take Māori o Reipa, i whakahau i ōna hoa mahi o te urupū minita pāremata ki te whakamahu i ngā kōharihari a te iwi Māori mā te whakatū i tētahi taraipiunara motuhake. Mā konei whakamāmāhia ai ngā mahi whakatewhatewha e pā ana ki ngā takahitanga o te Karauna i te Tiriti; me te whakatau i ētahi nawe nui i waenga i te Māori me te Pākehā.

Te whakatū i te taraipiunara

Ko te hiahia a Rata kia rongohia te taraipiunara o Waitangi i ngā kerēme o mua. I whakahē ōna hoamahi ki tēnei marohi ōna, ka mahue kē te whakature i te Ture Tiriti o Waitangi 1975 nā konā whakatūria ai te taraipiunara o Waitangi me te mana ki te whakatewhatewha i ngā kerēme i pā i mua i te 10 Whiringa-ā-nuku o te tau 1975, te tau i whakamanahia taua ture. Ka whakamana anō te ture, kei te taraipiunara anake te mana whakatau i ngā āhuatanga e pā ana ki te Tiriti o Waitangi; me te aro ki ngā reo e rua. Kīhai te āpitihana, a Nāhinara i whakahē; ā, ko tā tētahi o ngā mema ‘he paku noa iho ngā haepapa a te taraipiunara’.¹

Te kerēme tuatahi

Ko ngā mema tuatahi o te Rōpu Whakamana i te Tiriti o Waitangi ko Kaiwhakawā Matua o te Kōti Whenua Māori a Kenneth Gillanders-Scott, ko Graham Latimer (te kaitono a te minita Māori) me te rōia a Lawrence Southwick (te kaitono a te minita ture). Ko te kerēme tuatahi i rongohia e te taraipiunara ko tērā i tomoa e Joe Hawke me ētahi uri o Ngāti Whātua Ōrākei mō te e hāngai ana ki ngā motika hī ika i te whanga o Waitematā. I rongohia te kerēme ki te whare kanikani o te Intercontinental i Tāmaki, e whakatinana ana i te tikanga tōtahi o ngā tīmatanga tau a te taraipiunara. I whakahē te taraipiunara i ngā tohenga a Hawke. Nā taua whakahēnga, ka iwingohe a ngāi Māori ki te whai i te ara mā te taraipiunara kia rongohia a rātou nawe. Ka tū tonu ngā noho whenua i Takaparawha mai i te 1977-78, ki Whaingaroa hoki i te 1978 i ngā tau tōmua o te taraipiunara.

Nō te huatakinga ake he iti noa iho ngā pānga o te taraipiunara. Ko ōna mana whakatau ka puritia ki ngā take mohoa; ahakoa i tū te nuinga o ngā raupatu i te rautau 1800. Hei āpiti, ko tāna he tuku whakataunga ki te kāwanatanga kia pēhea rawa rātou e puretumu i ngā takahanga tiriti kei ngā kerēme pakari, auare ake, i te mea kāore ōna mana ki te whakatutuki. Ko te heitara a ētahi Māori he mahi tuku kongakonga noa te whakatū i te taraipiunara hei whakararata i te hunga mautohe; me te karo i ngā awhero a te Māori.

Footnotes

• Quoted in Janine Hayward, ed., The Waitangi Tribunal: Te Rōpū Whakamana i te Tiriti o Waitangi. Wellington: Bridget Williams Books, 2004, p. 3. Back
• Andrew Sharp, Justice and the Maori. 2nd ed. Auckland: Oxford University Press, 1997, p. 74. Back
• W. H. Oliver, Claims to the Waitangi Tribunal. Wellington:Department of Justice, 1991, p. 10. Back

Te whakawhanake i te Rōpū Whakamana, tekau tau 1980

I ngā tau 1980, i panonihia ngā āhuatanga o te taraipiunara. He tikanga rua te kawenga, ā, i whakawhānuihia tōna mana whakahaere kia tirohia ngā kerēme o mua, hoki rawa rā ki te 1840. Ka whakaputaina ētahi rīpoata tohu nui e te taraipiunara e kitea ai te tipu haere o tōna hiranga.

Tikanga takirua

I te tau 1980 ka whakakapia e Taihākurei Dury (Rangitāne, Ngāti Kauwhata, Ngāti Raukawa) te tūnga o Kaiwhakawā Gillanders-Scott hei tumuaki mō te rōpū whakamana. Ko 1982 te tau ka taka mai a Lawrence Southbrick, ā, ka tū ko te rōia ko Paul Temm hei piki tūranga. I te pikinga atu o Temm, tē aro i a ia he aha hoki te taraipiunara. Heoi ka ū tonu te taraipiunara ki āna kawenga tikanga rua, me te piki haere hoki o ngā kerēme ka rongohia e rātou, e ai ki a Temm ko tā te kawenga nei he ‘whakawhenumi i te ōpaki me te tōkeke’.¹ Ko te nuinga o ngā hui taraipiunara ka tū ki ngā marae maha, ā, ka whakareopākehātia ngā kōrero reo Māori, kia mārama ai te minenga.

Te moana me te taiao

I te tau 1982 ka tū te rongo kōrero tuatahi a te taraipiunara ki tētahi marae nō Te Āti Awa o Taranaki. Ko Aila Taylor te māngai o te iwi i tuku kōrero mō ngā tikanga kohi kaimoana mai i te takutai hei whāngai manuhiri. He tohu mana, he tohu manaaki tērā nō te hunga kāinga. I runga i tōna whakatau ka whakahē mārika te taraipiunara ki te whakaputu noa o te para tūtae ki te pātaka kaimoana o te iwi, kāore anō hoki i aro ki te ahurea o te Māori.

Te whakatewhatewha i ngā kokoraho o mua

I te tau 1985 ka whakamana te kāwanatanga Reipa tuawhā kia tiro whakamuri rā anō te taraipiunara ki ngā kerēme hoki rawa atu ki te hainatanga o te Tiriti o Waitangi i te tau 1840. Ko te whakakakenga anō tērā o ngā mema o te taraipiunara mai i te toru ki te whitu; ā, e whā o rātou he Māori. He tokowhitu anō ka kōwhiritia hei tuarua, hei kaiwhakakapi rānei. Ka riro kaimahi anō te taraipiunara. Heoi ka noho noa iho te taraipiunara hei rōpū whiriwhiri noa iho, ā, ko ōna tūtohunga mā te kāwanatanga e whakatau me pēhea.

He pōhēhē nui tā ngā manukura tōrangapū, ka itiiti noa iho ngā kerēme, he pōhēhē hoki ka hāngai noa ki ngā take whenua raupatu. Kīhai rātou i matapae ka waipuketia rātou e ngā kerēme ā ngā iwi, hapū puta noa i te motu, kāore hoki rātou i matapae ka kitea ngā kerēme mō ngā takahitanga rerekē a te Karauna ki te tiriti.

Ngā kerēme me ngā rīpoata tohu nui

I ōna tōmua tau, ko te mana whakatau a te taraipiunara ko ngā take onāianei, pērā i ngā take taiao me te te reo Māori. Mai i te tau 1983, i puta ētahi kerēme tohu nui i hōrapa ai te rongo mō ngā mahi a te taraipiunara, ki te tūmatawhānui, ki te ao tōrangapū hoki.

Motunui (1983): Ko te whare whakangao hinu ki Taranaki, ko te Karauna tonu tētahi o ngā kaipupuri, ā, i te whakarite rātou kia tuku ngā para paru ki te moana i Motunui, e pātata ana ki Waitara. He wāhi kohi kai te wāhi tāhawahawa rā ki te iwi o Te Āti Awa nō mai rā anō, he māharahara nō rātou kei tūkinotia tā rātou kāpata kai. I te tau 1983 ka whakaū te taraipiunara i ā rātou totohe, ā, ka tūtohu te taraipiunara kia whakaputu kētia ngā para ki tētahi whare whakameha para. Ahakoa te horokukū, i whakaae tonu atu te kāwanatanga ki tēnei whakatau.

Te awa o Kaituna (1984): I te tau 1984 ka whakamātauria anō ngā mana a te Māori ki ōna motika hī ika. I whakahē ngā kaikerēme ki tētahi marohi kia whakaputua ngā parakaingaki tāroki mai i Rotorua ki tētahi wāhi hopu tuna i roto i te awa o Kaituna. Nā ngā kitenga a te taraipiunara ka whakarērea te kaupapa rā.

Manukau (1985): I whakatewhatewha te taraipiunara i te kerēme nā ngā o te whanga o Manukau. E hāngai ana ki te ki te whakakino o te kāpata kai me te raupatu o ngā whenua karapoti nō muri mai i ngā pakanga o Aotearoa mā ngā māhi nunui. Nā runga i ngā kitenga a te taraipiunara ka hua mai te Ture Manaaki Taiao 1991, arā, ko te ture e tautoko ana i ngā tikanga Māori i roto i ngā ture taiao. E rua ngā iwi ka riro hei kaitiaki mō te whanga o Manukau.

Te Reo Māori (1986): E ai ki te pūrongo reo Māori a te taraipiunara ka tohutohutia te kāwanatanga kia whai mana ā-ture te reo Māori ki Aotearoa, ā, kia whakatūngia he hinonga hei whakahaere, hei whakatitina hoki i tewhakamahinga me te tiaki o te reo. I runga i ēnei tūtohunga ka hua ko te Ture Reo Māori 1987 me te whakatūnga o te Taura Whiri i te Reo Māori me whakapiki i ngā pāhōtanga reo Māori.

Ōrākei (1987): Hei whakautu ki tā Joe Hawke kerēme, nō te tau 1977, e pā ana ki ngā waeture hī ika, i tūhuratia te taraipiunara i ngā kokinga nō mua i te kerēme o Ōrākei, me te tautoko hoki i ngā whakapae a ngā kaikerēme. Ko tā rātou whakatau, kia whakahokia ngā whenua pēnei i a Takaparawhau ki te mana whakahaere o Ngāti Whātua, ā, kia wātea kau noa a Takaparawhā ki te tūmatanui hei wāhi tuwhera, engari mā Ngāti Whātua me te Kaunihera Tāone o Tāmaki Makaurau e whakahaere. Ka whakatauria hoki kia utua te $3 miriona ki a Ngāti Whātua hei wāhanga o tōna whakataunga tiriti. I whakaae atu te kāwanatanga ki ngā whakataunga katoa a te  taraipiunara.

Footnotes

• Paul Temm, The Waitangi Tribunal – the conscience of the nation. Tāmaki-makau-rau: Random Century, 1990, wh. 11. Back

Ngā panonitanga mai i te tau 1988–1999

Mai i ngā tau tōmuri o 1980, i tipu te taraipiunara hei hinonga hiranga i Aotearoa, me te aha, ka tipu hoki te whakatātare a te marea me te nui hoki o ngā mahi.

Ture Tiriti o Waitangi (Hinonga Kāwanatanga)

Hei urupare i te Ture Hinonga Kāwanatanga 1986, ka whakawhānuihia ngā mana me ngā rauemi a te taraipiunara. Ka toko ake i taua ture te huatau kia kaua pea ngā whenua Karauna kua whakatahangia hei kerēme tiriti e mahue i ngā ringa o te Karauna, me te aha ko aua whenua tē taea te whakatewhatewha hei kerēme tiriti.

I te tau 1987 ka kawe te Kaunihera Māori i te kēhi ki te Kōti Pīra, ki te tohe i te ture nei. Ko te whakataunga tohu nui i puta, ā tōna wā mōhiotia whānuitia ai ki te kēhi Whenua, ko te whakataunga kia tautokona ngā taunakitanga a te kaunihera. Nā tērā i mirahia taua pānga tiriti, hei hononga mahi tahi, i hua hoki mai ētahi mātāpono hei whakaaroaro mā te kāwanatanga, i mua i tana tuku i ngā rawa ki ngā hinonga kāwanatanga. Ka noho tēnei whakataunga hei tūāpapa whakamōhio i ngā whakawākanga, i ngā ngā whakakitenga hoki a te taraipiunara o Waitangi.

Ko te hua ko te Ture Tiriti o Waitangi (Hinonga Kāwanatanga) 1988. Nō raro i tēnei ture ka āhei te taraipiunara te tuku tūtohu ki te kāwanatanga kia whitikina ngā rawa hinonga kāwanatanga ka taka ki roto ki tētahi whakataunga kerēme ā-iwi. I te ture nei, i hua hoki mai ai he tūranga tumuaki, ko te tuatahi ko Wira Gardiner (Ngāti Awa, Ngāti Pikiao, Whakatōhea and Te Whānau-ā-Apanui). Ko tēnei te wā ka tino mōhiotia ai te taraipiunara ki Aotearoa.

Ngā tao kupu​ ki te taraipiunara

Nā te rongonuitanga o te taraipiunara ka tīmata ngā mahi tātā mōna. Ko tā ētahi me waiho ngā nawe o mua ki reira nehua ai. Ko tā ētahi he mea whakapōrerea aua nawe i ngā take whai hiranga ki te Māori. Hei tā te māngai Māori o Nahinara, a Winston Peters (Ngāti Wai), me whakawhāitihia te taraipiunara hei nohanga rangahau, ā, ko ōna haepapa he rīpoata ki te kāwana mō ngā meka hītori. I whakatūpato hoki a Peters, i te tipu haere o ngā mana a te taraipiunara ki taumata i tua atu i te āheinga o te ture kāwanatanga. I ngā tōmuri tau o ngā tekau tau 1980, e hia kē ngā tao kupu mā te waea ki a Kaiwhakawā Eddie Durie (Rangitāne, Ngāti Kauwhata, Ngāti Raukawa), heamana o te taraipiunara.

Nā te huhua o ēnei momo tūkinotanga, ka hunaia tōna nama waea. I pupū ake ētahi take whakararu ki ngā kaikerēme Māori nā te takaroa o te pūnaha ki te whakatau i ngā kerēme, ka mutu ina tirohia aua kerēme ko ngā kaikerēme noa iho me ērā i whai wāhi atu ngā mea ka whai hua, hāunga ērā atu iwi, hapū rānei o aua rohe whaipānga. He mea auau te whakatōtara wāhi rua i ngā iwi, hapū, rōpū rānei, ka riro ko te mauāriri, te whakawehe rānei i waenga i ngā rōpū kaikerēme.

Kōpaki pūtea

Ko te mahara a te hunga tātā ko te nui o te utu o ngā whakataunga tiriti. Ka mahara ētahi kei whati ngā ohaoha o te motu. Ko 1994 te tau ka whakaputaina te ‘kōpaki pūtea’ e te kāwanatanga. Ko tā te kōpaki nei, he whakatau i ngā kerēme, me te kore whakawhiti rawa taiao kāwanatangā, whenua atawhai rānei, ā ,kia kaua hoki e neke atu i te $1 piriona te wāriu o ngā kerēme katoa, nō mua, anamata rānei. I kaha whakahēngia te kōpaki pūtea e ngāi Māori puta noa, nā runga i te kore whakawhiti kōrero, te whai tika rānei i te ture. Ka whakarerea te kōpaki ki rāhaki.

Te heipū o ngā kokoraho

Nō te tau 1993 inā te mātinitini o ngā kērēme e tāria ana te whakarongo. Ka whakaae anō ōna kaitaunaki kei te mahue mai te taraipiunara ki muri. Hei whakautu ki tēnei raru ka hautū te taraipiunara i te tūmahi o Rangahaua Whānui; hei whakatere i ngā mahi rangahau. Ko te ia o tēnei kaupapa he raupapa pūrongo whānui e pā ana ki ngā nawe tiriti o ia rohe. Kīhai i tutuki tāna i manako ai, ā, ka taumaha tonu ngā mahi a te taraipiunara. I te tau 1995 ka makere mai te kaiwhakahaere tuatahi a Buddy Mikaere i tōna tūnga, me tāna amuamu kāre he paku aha mōna me tana uepū.

Ngā uiuinga ā-rohe

I te tau 1996 ko te whakarewanga o te pūnaha hōu mō ngā rongo kerēme. Ka mutu ko te whakatōpūtanga tērā o ngā kōrero o tēnā rohe o tēnā rohe, ki te puka kēhi. I muri ka whakarongo te taraipiunara i ngā kerēme tōpū, me te whakahau i ōna kitenga ki tētahi pūrongo whānui. Ko te rohe o Mōhaka ki Ahuriri te tuatahi o ēnei rohe kia tirohia e te taraipiunara.

Kanohi ki te kanohi

Kāore i te taraipiunara te haepapa ki te whakatau i ngā kerēme ki waenga i te Māori me te Karauna, ka āhei noa te tirotiro mehemea e whaitake ana ngā kerēme. Kia koke whakamua ai ngā kerēme, i te tau 1989 ka whakatū te kāwanatanga i te rōpū whai kaupapa i roto i te Manatū Ture hei whakatewhatewha i ngā take whakataunga tiriti. 

Ā, i te tau 1995 ka mōhiotia tēnei rōpū ko Te Arawhiti, te tari Whiriwhiri i ngā Take Tiriti o Waitangi (OTS). Ka mutu kei tēnei rōpū te mana ki te whiriwhiri whakataunga me te kore whai i tētahi pūrongo a te Rōpū Whakamana i te Tiriti o Waitangi.

Ngā kerēme me ngā rīpoata tohu nui

Te Hī Ika ki Muriwhenua (1988): Ko te kerēme o Muriwhenua tērā i pā anō ki ōna mana hī ika. I mua i tōna rongonga e te taraipiunara, ka tīmata te Tari Ahuwhenua me te Hao Ika ki te tītari i ngā mana hao ika. Ko te tūnga ohorere tērā o te rongo taraipiunara i kitea ai he takahi tēnei i ngā mātāpono o te tiriti me te aha, kia whitiwhiti kōrero te Karauna ki ngā iwi o Muriwhenua i mua i te tuku tuku i ngā rahinga ika. Ka puta te whakataunga a te Kōti Matua kia mutu te wāhi i ngā rahinga ika huri noa i te motu.

Ngāi Tahu (1991): Ko te kēreme tiriti o Ngāi Tahu tērā i pā ki ngā tāpaetanga whenua i tū ki waenga i te tau 1844 me te 1864; he mahi i riro ai te nuinga o ngā whenua i Te Waipounamu i te Pākehā. I te tau 1991 ka puta ngā kitenga a te taraipiunara me tētahi tūtohunga utu moni nui. Kāti, i te tau 1998 ka whakaae a Ngāi Tahu ki te whakataunga tiriti 170 miriona te wāriu ki ōna mana pupuri i te pounamu, ngā mana ki ōna tūtanga whenua nui; ngā mana whakahaere i ngā wāhi taiao o tōna rohe; me te whakahokinga o ētahi ingoa wāhi ake.

Te Whakataunga Hī Ika (1992): Nā te pūrongo taraipiunara nei i te tau 1992 – e mōhiotia ana ki te ‘Kēhi Sealord’ – ka puta te whakataunga kia tukuna te 20 ōrau o ngā mana hao ika ahumoni, te 50% o te kamupene hī ika a Sealord Fisheries, me ētahi atu hea o ngā kamupene hī ika, ka mutu he $18 miriona tāra hoki. Koinei te whakataunga tuatahi i whai pānga ki ngā iwi katoa.

Taranaki (1996): Kei te rīpoata nei ngā whakamahuki hītori mō ngā kerēme a ngā Māori o Taranaki, ā, e whakamārama ana i ngā whenua i raupatuhia. Koinei te tuatahi ki te āta tirotiro ki ngā raupatu i muri mai i ngā pakanga o Aotearoa. Ko te whakatau tata a te tarapiunara, i tōna 2 miriona eka i raupatuhia. I whakatewhatewhahia hoki ngā takapiringa o Parihaka, nā ko taua urutomo, taeatanga tētahi o ngā tūkinotanga weriweri rawa atu a te kāwanatanga, huri te ao, i tērā rautau. He rīpoata whai hiringa nā ōna kitenga ki te kaupapa mana motuhake o ngā iwi taketake, ka mutu ko tā taraipiunara mō te tōnuitanga o Parihaka, koia rā te taunakitanga he mea whai hua te tino rangatiratanga a te Māori, mō te Māori, me te motu katoa.

Te Awa o Whanganui (1999): Ko ngā kitenga o te rīpoata nei nā Te Ātihaunui-a-Pāpārangi te mana motuhake o te awa me ōna kautawa, mō ngā tau e hia rau kē nei te roa, me te mea anō, kāore i whakarerea e rātou ngā motika tiriti ki te awa. Ko te whakatau a te rīpoata kia whakaturengia te mana motuhake me ngā motika mana whakahaere a Te Ātihaunui-a-Pāpārangi ki te awa. I te tau 2017 i whakaheia kia whakatangatatia te awa i raro i te ture. Me te aha ka whakaritea hoki kia pēnei mō Te Urewera mō Taranaki maunga hoki, hei apitihanga ki te puretumu mō ngā takahitanga tiriti.

Footnotes

• Waitangi Tribunal, The Taranaki Report: kaupapa tuatahi. Wellington: Legislation Direct, 1996, p. 309. Back

Ngā panonitanga hou o te rautau 21

Ka kitea he panonitanga ki ngā whakahaere a te Taraipiunara i te 21 rautau. Nō te koke whakamua o ngā take ā-rohe, ka huri te aronga ki ngā kerēme kaupapa, kerēme hou hoki. Hei āpiti ki ngā panonitanga hōtaka mahi, ka panoni hoki ngā whakahaere.

Te panonitanga hou

I te tau 2000, i te huritau 25 o te Taraipiunara o Waitangi, i whakatau te toihau hou, a Kaiwhakawā Joe Williams (Ngāti Pūkenga, Te Arawa) i tētahi ‘panonitanga hou’ kia whakaheke i te wā kia rongohia ngā kerēme. Mehemea ka whakaaetia ngā take ā ngā kaikerēme e te Karauna, ka tōmua te whakamōhio atu, kia pai ai te aro kau noa o ngā whakawātanga ki ngā take whakahē a ia pāti. Ko te tino pūtake o ngā mahi ā te taraipiunara ‘he tere whakatau i ngā nawe ā ngā kaikerēme me te Karauna, i roto i te ngākau tika’, hei tā Williams. ¹ Ko te uiuinga tuatahi i raro i te panonitanga hou i roto o Tūranga-nui-a-Kiwa. I puta te rīpoata mō te uiuinga nei i te tau 2004.

Te mutunga o ngā kerēme o mua

I te tau 2006 i whakaturengia te Treaty Amendment of Waitangi Act e te kāwanatanga o Reipa, he mea aukati i ngā kerēme hou o mua (arā, ko ngā take kua puta i mua i te 21 o Mahuru 1992) ki te taraipiunara. Mai i te 2 Mahuru 2008 i āhei noa te taraipiunara ki te rēhita i ngā kerēme hou e hāngai noa ana ki ngā take hou.

I pupū ake te riri a te tokomaha Māori, mea rawa ake ka waipukengia te taraipiunara e ngā kerēme. Neke atu i te 1,800 kerēme i tukuna ki te taraipiunarai i mua i te wā aukati, hipa noa ana i ngā kerēme 1,500 i rēhitatia i ngā tekau tau e toru o te orokotimatanga o te taraipiunara.

Ngā uiuinga ā-kaupapa

Ko te nuinga o ngā mahi ā te taraipiunara i ōna tīmatanga tekau tau, i aro ki te whakawā, ki te rīpoata hoki i ngā uiuinga kerēme o mua o ngā rohe. Nā tēnei i maha rawa te whakaputunga kerēme mā rātou hei whakawā, me te nuinga he kerēme nō nāianei. Tata mutu ana ngā toenga uiuinga ā-rohe e te taraipiunara, i huri tō rātou aro ki ērā atu kerēme.

I waenga i ērā kerēme, ko ētahi i hura i ētahi kaupapa nui e ōrite nei te pēhi kaha i te katoa o ngāi Māori. I whakakaohia ēnei kerēme ki raro i te tāhu kotahi, hei tāpiri ki te hōtaka uiuinga ā te taraipiunara, i tīmatahia i te 2015. I te 2025, 13 ngā uiuinga i te hōtaka nei, ā, e hangai ana ki ngā kaupapa huhua, pēnei i te hauora, ngā kāinga, te mātauranga, ngā hōia ika-ā-whiro, ngā whakahaere rawa taiao ā-motu, me te pūnaha ture.

He tukanga tikanga

I te tau 2010, i whakarewahia te hui Ngā Kōrero Tuku Iho e te taraipiunara mō te uiuinga o Te Rohe Pōtae. He huarahi ēnei hui, e whai wāhi atu ai ngā kaikerēme ki te whakatakoto ki mua i te aroaro o te taraipiunara, i ō rātou kōrero tuku iho ā-iwi, te hononga ki te whenua, ngā takapiringa hītori, ngā kawenga tikanga hoki. I muri iho i horapa ngā hui Ngā Kōrero Tuku Iho mō ngā uiuinga ā-rohe.

Ka auaha ake ngā kawenga uiuinga kaupapa, e ngāwari ai te whakawā me te rīpoata i ngā kerēme. Ko tā ngā wānanga e whakakotahi ai ngā pāti e rua o tētahi kerēme ki te āta ketuketu i ngā tikanga o tēnā, o tēnā, me te whakaae hoki ki te tikanga, ki ngā mātāpono hoki hei tūāpapamo te uiuinga. Ko ngā whakawātanga Tūāpapa te kawenga mō te wāhanga tuatahi o te uiuinga kaupapa Wāhine, e ako ai i ngā tikanga hāngai, i ngā āhuatanga o te wahine Māori i mua i te taenga mai o te Pākehā, e hua mai ai ngā mōriroriro a te Karauna hei mātai. Me te aha, kua kirimanahia he mātanga ture, tikanga hoki ki ngā uiuinga kaupapa e hia kē nei, hei taunaki i te taraipiunara ki te kawe i ngā uiuinga tukanga whai tikanga.

Nā ēnei auahatanga kitea ai he panonitanga ki ngā whakahaere ā te tetaraipiunara kia hāngai ake ai ngā uiuinga ki ngā mātāpono tikanga. Ko te whāinga kia kaua e ōkawa, e ture nei te hanga o ngā tukanga, ka mutu kia rite nei te kawenga ki ērā o runga i te marae. He hōkai whakamua tēnei ki te ara i parahia i te wā i whakaritea te tukanga tikanga-rua ā te taraipiunara i ngā tau 1980.

Te panoni whakaaro mō te taraipiunara

Ka tutū tonu te pūehu ki waenga i te marea mō te wāhi ki te taraipiunara me āna haepapa i ngā rautau 21. I ngā tau tōmua o ngā 2000, i tohea ngā kawenga hītori ā te taraipiunara ngā kaihītōria i. Ko ētahi – pēnei i a Bill Oliver – i tohe ko te hītori i puta i te taraipiunara he tohe onāianei kē, arā, ko te whakahāngai i ngā paerewa o ēnei rā i a rātou e whiriwhiri ana mehemea rānei i tūkinotia te Tiriti e te Karauna o mua.

Ahakoa i kitea ngā painga o te rīpoata i ngā kerēme o mua, me te matea nui ki te rongoā i ngā takahitanga tiriti, nā pōturi o ngā whakawātanga, o ngā rīpoata mō ērā momo kerēme, ka pupū ake te hēmanawatanga. Ko ētahi i te paehau matau, i tohe nā te pūnaha kerēme taraipiunara i hua mai ai te āhuatanga ‘rēra whai rawa’, e kī ai ngā pūkoro o ngā rōia, o ngā ihutū Māori rānei, ahakoa he whai hua, kāore rānei mō ngāi Māori. Ko Don Brash, rangatira o te Pāti Nahinara, i tohe i tāna kauhau weneraunga i te 2004, kua mōhiotia i ēnei rā ki te kauhau ‘Orewa’ e kōrero ana mō te tipu haere o te ‘rāngai nawe’ tiriti, me te whakahau kia kati ngā tatau o te taraipiunara kia whakatauhia katoatia ngā kerēme o mua.

Hei tā ētahi, ka tere tipu te tuwhena o ngā kitenga me ngā whakatau o te taraipiunara, me te whakawhānui hoki i āna haepapa, inarā ka tīmata te huri o te aronga mai i ngā kerēme o mua ki ngā mea o nāianei. Ki ētahi, kāore hoki rātou i te whakamahi tika i ōna mana, ahakoa iti, me te kore hoki anō i tuku whakataunga whai hua, mea rawa ake ka auautia te kōrero nō maimai, he taraipiunara ‘niho kore’ rātou. E ai ki te pūmātauranga, a Margaret Mutu, ko ngā taunakitanga mō ngā takahitanga tiriti kei tōna rīpoata, kei pōhēhē te tangata e tautoko ana te taraipiunara i a ngāi Māori, ahakoa te tika o te taunakitanga, he kaha ake te tautoko a te taraipiunara ki te Karauna.

Hei tā ētahi, he mahi whakataurite te mahi a te taraipiunara, i a ia e ngana ana te whakatau puretumu e tika ana mō ngā mōriroriro tiriti, e kore e tū ai ngā pewa a ngā kaitōrangapū, a te tūmatawhānui rānei. Mai i te 1988, te tau i riro i te taraipiunara ngā mana paihere ki te whakatau i te whakahoki i ētahi whenua ki ngā kaikerēme, kāwanatanga atu, kāwanatanga mai, kua whakawehia te taraipiunara e ngā minita kia whakahekea ngā mana, kia poroa rānei te taraipiunara

Ngā kerēme me ngā rīpoata tohu nui

Te Kaupapa Here Takutai Moana (2004): I te tīmatanga o 2004, i whakahaerehia he uiuinga kōhukihuki e te taraipiunara e titiro ana ki te kaupapa here weneraunga i marohitia e te kāwanatanga Reipa, arā, kia whakareia te mana whakahaere o te takutai moana ki ngā ringa o te Karauna. I waihangahia te kaupapa here nei, i muri i te whakataunga a te Kōti Pīra e mea ana kei te Kōti Whenua Māori te mana ki te whakatau mēnā rānei he mana ā-tai tō ngāi Māori ki te takutai me te papa moana. Ahakoa ngā kitenga ā te taraipiunara i te takahi te te tiriti e taua kaupapa here, me te whakatau hoki kia mahi tahi te kāwanatanga ki a ngāi Māori kia kitea he rongoā, nā wai, nā wai, i te paunga o te tau rā, ka whakaturengia kia riro i te kāwanatanga te rangatiratanga o te takutai me te papa moana, nā konā tīmatahia ai te Māori Pāti (tāria te wā, panoni ai ki Te Pāti Māori).

Wai 262 (2011): Mōhiotia whānuitia te kerēme ki ‘ngā kīrehe me ngā tipu’ ki te ‘mana whakairo hinengaro’ rānei, i komoa te kerēme i te tau 1991 e ngā kaikerēme e ono, hei whakakanohi i ō rātou ake iwi. I tīmatahia ngā whakawātanga e te taraipiunara i te 1997, ā, i puta i a rātou te kerēme whakamutunga, arā, Ko Aotearoa tēnei, i te 2011. Koinei te uiuinga tuatahi i puta i te katoa o te rāngai kāwanatanga, i whāia kia arotakengia kei a wai te mana whakahaere o te mātauranga Māori. Mātua mai, i whakatau te taraipiunara ko te matapae a te tiriti kia mahi tahi te Māori ki te Karauna, ā, ko tā te Karauna he kāwana, heoi ka mau tonu te Māori i te tino rangatiratanga o ā rātou taonga. Nā konā te taraipiunara i whakatau kia panonihia ngā ture, ngā kaupapa here, ngā whakahaere hoki, kia whakaū i ngā oati i matapaetia ki te tiriti.

Te Paparahi o te Raki wāhanga tuatahi (2014): He ritenga kore te wāhanga tuatahi o te rīpoata a te taraipiunara mō ngā kerēme o te Taitokerau, i te mea i arotakengia ngā takanga i mua i te 1840, inarā te tikanga me te mana o te tiriti. I pūmau ngā kaikerēme ki ngā kōrero e kīia ana, kāore o rātou tīpuna i tuku i tō rātou tino rangatiratanga i te hainatanga o te tiriti. I whakaae atu te taraipiunara, me te whakatau anō, ko ngā rangatira i haina i te tiriti i te whakaae kē ki tētahi whakaaetanga mana tau utuutu, arā, ko tā ngā rangatira he whakahaere i ō rātou ake tāngata, kaupapa hoki, ā, ko tā te Karauna he whakahaere i ō rātou ake kirinoho Peretania.

Hauora (2019): Āpiti ki te uiuinga kaupapa Ratonga Hauora me ngā Hua, i puta i te taraipiunara te rīpoata Hauora, e arotake ana i ngā kerēme e mea ana kāore te ture me ngā anga kaupapa here o te pūnaha hauora matua e whakaratoa ana he hauora rite tahi mō te Māori. Ko tētahi o ngā whakataunga i te rīpoata, ko te whakamānutanga o Te Aka Whai Ora (te Mana Whakahaere Hauora Māori) i te tau 2022. Ko tā tērā hinonga ā-waho, ko te para i te huarahi e tutuki ai ngā matea o ngāi Māori i roto i te pūnaha hauora. I poroa te mana whakahaere rangitahi rā i te tau 2024, e te kāwanatanga Nāhinara hou.

He Rongoā mō Mangatū (2021): Whai atu ana i tētahi uiuinga kōhukihuki, i whakamahia te taraipiunara i ōna mana paihere kia whakahokia ngā whenua e kīia ana ko Managatū State Forest ki te Māori. Hei whai atu i taua whakataunga, ko te rīpoata 2004 o te iwi i puta, e hāngai ana ki ngā kerēme o mua kei te rohe o Tūranga-nui-a-Kiwa. I taua rīpoata, i kitea te taraipiunara i ngā takahitanga a te Karauna i te tiriti, i te tau 1961 i tā rātou whai i te mana whakahaere o te whenua mai i te mana whakahaere Māori, rokohanga ka mōhiotia te whenua rā hei wāhanga o te Mangatū State Forest. Kāore he whakataunga puretumu i taua rīpoata. Heoi, nā ētahi arotake whakawākanga, i āia te taraipiunara ki te whakaū i tētahi whakataunga paihere.

Footnotes

• Joe V. Williams, ‘Improving the process’. Te Manutukutuku, May/June 2001, p. 2.

Te rangahau i ngā kōrero

Mā wai te tuku kerēme?

Ka taea te hunga Māori te tuku kerēme ki te Rōpū Whakamana i te Tiriti o Waitangi. Ahakoa takitahi, he whakakanohi rānei i tētahi rōpū, hapū, iwi rānei, ka taea tonu te tuku. Me mātua whakapae te kaikerēme e takahitia ana tētahi ture, kaupapa here, mahi, kore mahi rānei ā te Karauna ki te Tiriti o Waitangi, me te mea anō, kua pā kino atu ērā mahi ki te Māori.

 Ka taea e ngā kaikokoraho te whakamahi i ngā rōia hei whakarite, hei tuku hoki i ā rātou kerēme. He wā kua tukuna ētahi pūtea āwhina ki te taha utu ture.

Te rangahau kerēme

Kia whakaaetia rā anō te kerēme e te Rōpū Whakamana i te Tiriti o Waitangi mā ngā kaimahi o te rōpū anō e whakatau he aha ngā kōrero me rangahau. Ka rokohanga mai ko ērā kōrero a ngā iwi, hapū, whānau hoki (ki roto hoki i ngā uiuinga ā-rohe, ō rātou ake rohenga ā-iwi); me ngā kōrero tuku iho e pā ana ki ngā takahitanga a te Karauna ki runga ki ngā kaitono. Nā te taraipiunara me ngā iwi tonu i rangahau tahi ngā kōrero. Ka āhei ētahi kaitono te tono pūtea mai i te Rōpū Tiaki Reti Ngahere (Tā tēnei rōpū he kohikohi i ngā utunga moni mai i ngā whenua ngahere nā te Karauna i raihana, arā, he whenua pea ka whakahokia ki ngā kaikokoraho ). Ka whakamana anō te Karauna i ngā rangahau e pā ana ki ngā kerēme.

Ngā rangahau me ngā tāpaetanga ā-waha

Kapi katoa ana ngā mahi rangahau i ngā taunakitanga huhua nei, pēnei i ngā pūrongo nā ngā mātanga tumu kōrero tonu i tuku, ko ēnei, he mea wātea ki te tūmatanui, ā, i ētahi wā ka tāia hei pukapuka. Heoi ka manaaki anō te taraipiunara i ngā taunaki ā-waha mō ngā mahinga onamata, me ngā pātere mōteatea hoki hei whakatau iho i ngā kare ā-roto. He wā kua tuku ā-waha anō te Karauna i āna rangahau, inā koa, ngā tukunga ā-waha o ētahi o ngā apataki kāwanatanga o tau kē.

Ngā puka kēhi rangahau

Mai i te tau 1996 ka whakaemi katoatia ngā kōrero e pā ana ki tētahi arohaehae, ā, ka tāia ki te puka kēhi. Hei roto katoa ko te tūāpapa mahi a te taraipiunara mō aua kerēme. He maha ngā kōrero kua kohia i roto i ngā tau i hangā ai te rangahautanga whānui mō ngā tāpaetanga whenua Māori mai i ōna pāhekoheko me te Pākehā i muri i te hainatanga o te tiriti. Kāre pea he ritenga ki a Aotearoa mō tōna kaha rangahau i ngā kōrero mō tōna whakataiwhenuatanga.

Ngā rongo kōrero, ngā pūrongo me

Ngā mema o te Rōpū

E 20 ngā mema, me tētahi tiamana o te Rōpū Whakamana i te Tiriti o Waitangi (te taraipiunara). He mea tīpako ēnei e te kāwana tianara whai muri i ngā tītohinga a te Minita Māori me ana kōrerorero ki te Minita Ture. Ko ētahi o ā rātou pūkenga ko te taha ture, hītori, aromātai tangata, whakawhanake pakihi, hapori hoki. Ko tōna haurua he Māori, ko tērā atu he Pākehā.

Ka rongohia ia uiuinga e tētahi pae, takitoru, takiwhitu rānei te whakaritenga, me mātua noho hoki he mema Māori. I te nuinga o te wā ka tohua he kaiwhakawā nō te Kōti Whenua Māori hei āpiha mō te pae taraipiunara.

I ngā tau ko ngā tiamana ko Eddie Durie (Rangitāne, Ngāti Kauwhata, Ngāti Raukawa), Joe Williams (Ngāti Pūkenga, Te Arawa), Wilson Isaac (Ngāti Porou, Tūhoe, Ngāti Kahungunu) rātou ko Caren Fox (Ngāti Porou).

Ngā ō kawenga o te taraipiunara

Ka kawe te taraipiunara i ngā uiuinga kerēme, te whakatau i ngā kerēme, te tuku tūtohunga, whakataunga rānei ki ngā whenua ngāherehere Karauna, ngā whenua rerewe, ngā whenua hinonga kāwanatanga me ngā whenua i takohatia hei kura.

Te hanga o te taraipiunara

Ko ngā kaimahi o te taraipiunara e kawe ana i ngā whakaritenga o ngā kerēme, ngā whakawātanga me te tautoko hoki i ngā kaikerēme me te hunga whaipānga i tā rātou takahi i te ara whakawātanga. He mahi rangahau hoki tā rātou, i ētahi o ngā kerēme, he āwhina hoki i ngā mema o te taraipiunara ki te whakarite i ngā rīpoata.

Ngā momo uiuinga ā te taraipiunara

Nō muri i te whakaaetanga a te taraipiunara ka whakarōpūhia ai ngā kerēme ki:

• Ngā uiuinga ā-rohe he kerēme (te nuinga he take tawhito) kua whakatakotoria e ētahi rōpū Māori mai i te rohe kotahi, ka whakarōpūhia ēnei kerēme, kia whakatewhatewhangia i te wā kotahi.
• Ngā uiuinga ā-kaupapa ko ngā uiuinga whānui e hāngai ana ki ngā kaupapa ā-motu, kāore i whāiti noa ki tētahi wāhi, rohe rānei.
• Ngā uiuinga kōhukihuki he aronga kētanga tō ēnei kerēme, he mea arotakengia mehemea he taunakitanga tā ngā kaikerēme kei te kaha tūkinotia te Karauna, āna kaupapa here rānei i tētahi take, āhuatanga rānei e kore a muri e hokia.
• Ngā uiuinga kimi whakataunga he ara hei whai mehemea kua kīia kētia he whaitake tētahi kerēme e te taraipiunara, heoi kāore anō kia tuku whakataunga me pēhea rā te Karauna e puretumu i āna takahitanga tiriti. I te nuinga o te wā ka hua mai ēnei momo āhuatanga, i muri i te puta o tētahi rīpoata e pā ana ki tētahi uiuinga tawhito, ā, nā tētahi kaikerēme i tono ki te taraipiunara kia rapua he rongoā, pērā i tētahi whakataunga paihere kia whakahokia ētahi rawa Karauna.

Ngā whakawātanga

Mā ngā whakawātanga e rongo ai te taraipiunara i ngā taunakitanga a ngā kaikerēme me te hunga whaipānga, tae atu hoki ki te Karauna. Ka whāia rātou i ngā tikanga mō ngā rōpū kaikerēme me te aha ka āhei te tū ki runga i te marae, ki wāhi kē atu rānei, pēnei i ngā whare whakarauika ā-tāone, taiwhanga hui, hōtēra, te tari ake o te taraipiunara rānei. I te nuinga o te wā ka tuwhera ki te tūmatanui. Kei tōna tahi ki te rua rā te roa o ngā uiuinga, i ētahi wā ka hia kē ngā wiki te roa kia rongohioa te katoa o ngā taunakitanga i te uiuinga kotahi. Ka mutu ka āhei hoki te kauhau i te reo Māori, i te reo Pākehā rānei, ā wāha, ā tuhi rānei. Ka taea hoki te pae taraipiunara ki te haere ā-tinana atu ki ngā wāhi tāpua a ngā kaikerēme, pēnei i ngā pā, ngā wāhi tapu, hei taunakitanga mō te uiuinga.

Ngā pūrongo taraipiunara

Whai muri i te rongonga o ngā taunaki kōrero o ia taha ka tahuri te taraipiunara ki te whakatau mēnā ka whai kiko anō te kerēme. Kia mārama tērā ko te whakaputanga o tōna pūrongo ā-tuhi e whakarāpopoto ana i āna kitenga me ōna tūtohunga ki te Karauna mō te utu i ngā kaitono, te wete i te hara, me te whakakore i ngā whakahāweatanga mō āke tonu atu. Ko ēnei pūrongo hoki te tūāpapa mō ngā whiriwhiringa kōrero a te kaitono me te Karauna. Heoi he wā ōna ka kore te Karauna whakaae atu ki ngā kitenga a te taraipiunara.

Nō te 2023, 150 ngā pūrongo i puta i te taraipiunara. Ko ētahi he whārangi kotahi, ko ētahi he kohinga rīpoata mō ngā uiuinga ā-rohe nā ngā kaikerēme rerekē. He mea tuku ngā pūrongo nei ki ngā minita whaipānga o te Karauna ki ngā kaitono hoki, kātahi ka tāia ki te puka me te paetukutuku o te taraipiunara.

Te hohou i te rongo

I te whakanuitanga o ngā 40 tau o te Rōpū Whakamana i te Tiriti o Waitangi, i kōrero a Hirini Moko Mead, ihorei, pūmātauranga,

kua puta i te taraipiunara ētahi rīpoata, ina whakakaongia, ka miramirahia he mātāpuna mātauranga haumako e pā ana ki te tāmitanga o Aotearoa. Ka kitea hoki te tūtakitanga o ngā ahurea me te nōnoke a te Māori i oraiti ai ia i te mīhini takahi a te Pākehā. Ka kaha whakawhānuihia hoki ēnei rīpoata i tō tātou mōhio ki ngā take ture, ngā pouhere rānei. Ko ngā mahi a te taraipiunara he takahitanga pono kia whāia rongomau ki waenga i ngā taha e rua o te Tiriti o Waitangi. Kāore e hapa me mihi ka tika ngā whakatutukitanga, ngā haumāuiui hoki a te taraipiunara, e te motu whānui.¹

Footnotes

• Hirini Moko Mead, ‘The Waitangi Tribunal: an interesting journey’, Te Manutukutuku, January 2016, issue 69, p. 19. Back