Te mana o te wāhine

He atua he tipua

Atua wāhine i te wā o te ōrokohanga

Ka ahu mai ngā mana katoa i ngā atua. Mō te wahine Māori, ka pūpū ake tēnei mana i te ara uwha o Tahu, i te matua whaea i a Papatūānuku me ētahi atua wāhine Māori.

Kei ngā kōrero o te ōrokohanga, ko Papatūānuku te atua wahine mātāmua, whai muri i a ia ko Hineahuone i pokea e Tāne i te one ki Kurawaka. Whai muri i a ia ko Hinetītama. I taki rere ia ki Rarohēnga nō te mōhio ko tōna hoa tāne ko Tāne tonu tōna matua.

Ko Māui me ngā atua wāhine

I roto i ngā kōrero mō Māui he maha ngā atua wāhine ka whai wāhi ki ōna hautipuatanga. Na tōna kuia a Murirangawhenua i tuku i tōna kauae ki a ia, i hīia ake ai Te Ika-ā-Māui, i patua ai a Tamanui-te-rā. I tōna tūpono ki a Mahuika ka riro mai te ahi. Pō noa katia rawatia ai a Māui ki ngā kūhā tonu o Hine-nui-te-pō.

E whakahira ana ēnei kōrero i te mana o te wahine inā hoki tā ratou ako i a Māui ki te mātauranga e tutuki i a ia ngā mahi. Ka mutu nō te patunga o Māui i ngā kūhā o te wahine, he tohu anō tērā ki te tapu o te whare tangata, me ōna mana whakanoa.

Ko Tinirau rāua ko Kae

Ko ētahi atua wāhine kei ngā kōrero o Tinirau rāua ko Kae. Ko ēnei mareikura te kapa haka tuatahi o te ao Māori. Kāti, ko te atua o te whakawhānau tamariki me te whare pora ko Hineteiwaiwa ko Hineraukatamea te atua o te ngahau, ko te atua o te pūoro ko Hineraukatauri. Ko te āria o Hineraukatauri ko te pēpepe, arā i tauiratia mai ai i te taonga pūoro te pūtōrino.

Tūāhua taiao

Ko ētahi āhuatanga taiao he atua wāhine tonu. Ko Hinepūkohurangi, arā ko te kohu, ko Hinepūtehue, te atua o te hue tae atu ki a Hinemoana, atua o ngā tai. Ko Hineraumati rāua ko Hinetakurua hoki ērā, tae atu anō ki a Whaitiri.

Ko Rona whakamautai te marama, ā, kei ētahi kōrero hei tamāhine ia mā Tangaroa.

Ngā tipua me ngā taniwha

Arā atu anō ngā tipua wahine, taniwha kaitiaki hoki o ētahi tohu whenua. Ki tā Tūhoe, nā Haumapuhia i whakairo te roto o Waikaremoana i tōna nanaiore kia puta ki te moana. Ko Āraiteuru tērā taniwha i ārahi i te waka o Māmari mai i Hawaiki ki Aotearoa. E kī ana te kōrero kei te noho tonu ia ki tētahi ana kei te kūrae tonga o te wahapū o Hokianga hei kaitiaki mō te tangata whenua.

Kei ngā kōrero o Ngāti Mahaki ko ngā wāhine tokowhā a Tamaahua he momo pounamu kei te Tai Poutini arā ko Takiwai, ko Aotea, ko Pounamu, ko Auhuka.

Whare tangata

Ko te wahine te whare tangata o te ao Māori, ā, he tūnga whakahirahira tōna i roto i te koiora o te tangata me ōna uri whakaheke. E whai mana anō ana te wahine i tōna mana whakawhānau ora ka mutu he mea whakarite ki a Papatūānuku rawa. Ko ngā kīanga mō te whare tangata he rite ki ērā mō te whenua. Otirā ko te ewe whenua me te one whenua he kotahi. Whai muri i te whānautanga ka nehua te ewe whenua ki te one whenua hei tāmau i te tangata me te whenua.

Te tapu me te rongomau

Tapu me te noa

He tapu te wahine i te wā o tōna mate marama, i ngā āhuatanga tapu hoki o te rere o te toto. Nō te āhua ki tōna tapu ka rāhuitia te wahine i ngā wāhi noa – he takahi atua tērā mēnā ka pā te wahine ki ngā wāhi noa. Kore rawa te wahine toto e kuhu i ngā whare matā (mō ngā tawhiti), ki ngā māra, ki te takutai, ki ngā wāhi kai, ā, kāore e pā ki te tangata. Ka whakaarotia he mate kino ka haere ki te takahia ēnei tikanga.

Whakanoa

He mana nui tō te aroaro o te wahine ki te whakanoa. Ko ngā wāhine mātāmua ka mutu ki a rātou te mate o te wahine ka kīia he ruahine. He tūnga nui hoki tō rātou i ngā pure whakanoa.

Nā tōna mana whakanoa ka kore rawa te wahine e takahi i te ūpoko o te tangata kei tānoatia te mana me te tapu o taua tangata. Heoi kia hoki mai ngā toa i te pakanga me ngōki ratou mā raro i ngā kūhā o te ruahine hei whakawātea i a ratou i ngā tapu nui o te patu tangata me te maringi toto. I ngā tānga kawa whare, ko te puhi ka tomo tuatahi hei whakanoa i te whare.

Tapu, noa rānei?

E pōhēhē ana ētahi kaituhi nā te mana whakanoa o te wahine ka noho noa ia mō ake tonu atu. Ka wareware rātou ki te āhei o te wahine ki te whakatapu. Nā tēnei ka pōhēhētia anō kāore he mana tō te wahine i roto i te ao Māori. Ahakoa rā kāore e ārikarika ngā kōrero mō ngā wāhine whai mana nui i roto i te ao Māori.

Te tatau pounamu

He mahinga nui te hohou i te rongo ki te hoariri, ā, mā te wahine anō tēnei mahi i ētahi wā. Ko te rongo ka whakatauhia e te wahine ka kīia he rongo ā-whare. I tētahi reta ki te niupepa Māori o Te Puke ki Hikurangii te tau 1905, ka kī a Te Waaka Tamaira, ‘i ngā wā o mua ... ki te haere te wahine ki te hohou i te Pakanga kia mutu, kore rawa e taea te takahi e tētahi taha, e tētahi taha, tōna whakatauākī he rongo taketake e kore e taea te whakahē, ki te takahia kua hē’.¹

Taumau

I tua atu i ō rātou tūnga hei kaitakawaenga, ka tukuna anō ngā wāhine rangatira ki te hoariri ki te whakatau i te riri. Inā koa ko Te Rangiita ki te taha rāwhiti o Taupō. Ka mutu hei rongomau ka taumautia te puhi o Ngāti Raukawa a Waitapu ki a Te Rangiita hei tatau pounamu.

Ka puta ki waho rā, Waitapu.

I haere rā ia i te maungā-rongo

O te ture a Whiro …²

Footnotes

• Te Puke ki Hikurangi 6, no. 10 (29 Āperira 1905), wh. 5 Back
• I takoto ki Apirana Ngata, Ngā mōteatea: he maramara rere nō ngā waka maha/he mea kohikohi nā Sir Apirana Ngata: The songs: scattered pieces from many canoe areas. Vol 2. Tāmaki-makau-rau: Auckland University Press, 2005, wh. 390–391. Back

Wahine whai mana

Ngā ingoa mō te hunga wahine whai mana

He huhua ngā kōrero ā-iwi mō ngā wāhine rangatira. Ko ētahi kārangatanga o tēnei hunga he puhi, he wahine rangatira, he kahurangi, he ariki tapairu.

E ai ki a Te Rangi Hīroa ka karangatia e Ngāti Kahungunu ngā mātaamua wahine o te whānau he māreikura. He tapu ēnei wāhine, ā, i a rātou e noho puhi ana ka āta tiakina e ō rātou hapū hei taumau ki iwi kē ā tōna wā. He wā ka tukuna he tonotono hei kaimahi māna.

Ko Hinematioro

Ko tētahi ariki tapairu ko Hinematioro o te Tai Rāwhiti. Ko ia te kaiārahi o tana iwi o Te Aitanga-ā-Hauiti, heoi totoro tonu atu tōna mana i Whangarā ki Ūawa. Kei tētahi rārangi waiata e kī ana: ‘kei tawhiti anō aku rongo, anū nei ko Hinematioro, he kahurangi, he ātaahua’. E ai ki te kōrero he pērā rawa tōna tapu kāore ōna waewae i tau ki te whenua, engari he mea amorangi haere ia.

Ko Rangi Topeora

Ko tētahi atu wahine ariki ko Rangi Topeora o Ngāti Toa. He kaiwaitohu ia i te Tiriti o Waitangi i karangatia ai ia ko te Kuini o te Tonga. He kaitito rongonui, he kaitakawaenga rongonui hoki ia i whakahē ki te mau kākahu Pākehā.

Ko Te Ātairangikaahu

Ko tētahi ariki tapairu o te rautau 1900 ko Te Arikinui Te Ātairangikaahu. I tū ia hei kuini tuatahi mō te Kīngitanga i te matenga o tōna matua a Korokī i te tau 1966. He wahine arohaina e te iwi Māori nā tōna ngākau hūmārie, me tōna whakapau kaha ki ngā whakahaerenga maha puta noa i tōna ao Māori.

Te moko kauae

I ngā wā o mua me rangatira tonu te whakapapa o te wahine e tāia ia ki te moko kauae. He mea tohua hoki e tōna hapū e whakanōhia ai tērā he wahine mau moko ki runga i te marae.

Ko Rere-ō-maki he wahine whai mana nō Te Āti Haunui-a-Pāpārangi i haina i te Tiriti o Waitangi. I tāia tōna mokotuhi ki te tiriti e Henry Williams. He moko kauae anō tō te wahine a Timi Kara a Materoa Carroll. Waihoki ko te poropiti o Ngāti Apa ko Mere Rikiriki hoki tērā te wahine mau moko nāna i matakite te aranga ake o Tahupōtiki Wiremu Rātana.

Heoi ehara ko ngā wāhine rangatira katoa i tāia ki te moko ko ētahi kāore hoki i tāia he tapu rawa hoki. Ko tētahi tauira o tēnei ko te wahine rangatira o Te Whānau-ā-Apanui me Ngāti Porou a Mihi Kōtukutuku. I te wā i a ia e tamariki ana ka tae ake ngā tohunga tā moko o Te Arawa ki roto o Te Tai Rāwhiti ki te tā i ngā kōhine ki te moko kauae. Heoi ka whakahē te tohunga ki te tā i a Mihi Kōtukutuku. Nā te mana me te tapu o tōna whakapapa kāore i rata ki a ia te maringi i ōna toto.

Mai i te paunga o te rautau 1900 kua ora mai anō te tā o te wahine ki te moko kauae hei tohu wahine whai mana.

Te waiata, te karanga me te whaikōrero

Ngā wāhine kaitito o mua

Arā atu ngā wāhine toa ki te tito mōteatea. I roto i ōna kohikohinga waiata o Ngā mōteatea ka kī ake a Āpirana Ngata ko te nuinga o ngā kaitito he wahine. Ko tāna meatanga tērā ki ngā tauira reo Māori kia ruku rātou ki ngā waiata nei kātahi ka kitea te wairua ake o te mana wahine.

Kei ngā waiata hoki ngā kōrero ā-iwi, ngā kōrero tuku iho, ngā tohu whenua, ngā kōrero tōrangapū ā-iwi. He tohu tēnei ki te tohunga o te wahine Māori ki te whakaheke kōrero. Ko tētahi kaitito rongonui o te rautau 1800 ko Puhiwāhine o Ngāti Tūwharetoa me Ngāti Maniapoto. E ai ki a Pei Te Hurinui ka rongo i ōna waiata he wahine mātau ia ki ngā kōrero, ngā whakapapa me ngā tohu whenua o tōna iwi; i āta whai whakaaro ia ki ngā tāpaetanga whenua o tōna iwi, me tana whakaōhiti ki tōna iwi kia tūpato ki ngā āhua o te Kāwana me te whakawai o te reti.

Ngā kaitito o muri mai nei

Ka haere tonu ngā mahi a ngā kaitito wahine toa i te momo tangata pērā i a Tuini Ngāwai me Ngoingoi Pēwhairangi. I te tekau tau 1980 ka tuhi a Pēwhairangi i ngā waiata rongonui pērā i a ‘E ipo’ me ‘Poi e’ i waiatatia e Tui Teka me te Karapu Māori o Pātea.

I ngā tau tīmatanga o te rautau 2000 ko Whirimako Black, rātou ko Moana Maniapoto, ko Maisey Rika mā ērā i whakatairanga ake i te pūoro Māori me te mana wahine.

Karanga

Ko te reo karanga tuatahi o runga marae tētahi tikanga nui o te mana wahine e rāngona nuitia ai e te marea. I roto i tōna poroporoaki ki tōna hoa rangatira ka kōrero a Tākuta Wi Repa mō te mana whakaheke o te wahine: ‘[N]o mua iho ano te mana o te reo o te wahine ... ma te wahine e powhiri te manuwhiri, ka maru’.¹

Ka haere ngātahi te āhei o te wahine ki te whakatapu i te marae ātea mā tōna reo karanga me te tūranga o te tāne ki te whaikōrero. Inā rā ko te tikanga o te karanga he whakatau i te āhua o te haere mai a te manuhiri hei taketake tūāpapa hoki mō ngā whaikōrero. He wā hoki tēnei mō ngā kaikaranga matatau ki te whakapuaki i ō rātou whakaaro ki tētahi kaupapa.

Whaikōrero

Kei ētahi o ngā iwi pērā ki a Ngāti Porou me Ngāti Kahungunu, ka whakaaetia te wahine ki te whaikōrero. Heoi arā anō ētahi katoa ka whakahē hei taumaru i te toiora me te tapu o te whare tangata. Ko ētahi wāhine tū ki te whaikōrero ko Whaia McClutchie rātou ko Mihi Kōtukutuku o Ngāti Porou ko Niniwa-i-te-rangi o Ngāti Kahungunu.

He maha ngā taupatupatu ki runga marae. I te tau 1998 ka whakanōhia te Pirimia a Helen Clark e Titewhai Harawira ki Waitangi, he whakapae nā Harawira mēnā ka whakaaetia te wahine Pākehā kia tū me whakaae anō hoki te wahine Māori.

Te ūkaipō i ngā kōrero

Ka rangona tonutia te wahine e whakahau ana, e ārahi ana rānei i te haere o ngā whaikōrero. I te tau 1874 ka tuhi te kaiwhakawā matua o Whāingaroa a R. S. Bush mō te taenga atu o te tuahine, te hoa rangatira me te tamāhine a te kīngi Māori a Tāwhiao ki te whakatūwhera i te whare whakairo o Tokanga-nui-a-noho ki Aotea. I te wā hoki o ngā whaikōrero ka kite a Bush e whai tohutohu ana ngā kaikōrero i te tuahine o Tāwhiao i a Tiria i mua i te whakahoki atu i ngā kōrero.

Footnotes

• Te Toa Takitini, 1 Hakihea 1929, wh. 1928. Back

Te ārahi whai muri i te koronitanga

Te koronitanga me te wahine Māori

Mai rā anō ka whai wāhi te wahine ki ngā take ā-iwi. E ai ki tētahi tuhinga i roto i te niupepa i te tau 1861 ka uru hoki ngā wāhine ki te rūnanga: ‘Ta te [M]aori, me hui katoa, te iti te rahi, te tane te wahine, te koroheke te ruruhi ... e uru katoa ana ki nga Runanga [M]aori, me o ratou whakaaro me o ratou korero; e whakatika ana tenei wahine me ana korero ano ...’¹

Wāhine Māori pupuri whenua

I ngā wā o mua ka poua ngā whenua ki ngā mea wāhine, nā te mea kāore e riro te mana whenua i te pākūhā ki te ahi kā. I te wā o te Kotahitanga ka totohe te hunga wāhine me whakauru ki roto i te ture te wāhi ki ngā wāhine Māori hei kaipupuri whenua, hei kaiārahi hoki. Nā te wāhine me te tāne i haina te petihana o te Kotahitanga ki a Kuini Wikitōria i te tau 1897.

Te whakatakē i te wahine

Kua matapaki te matanga ture a Ani Mikaere i ngā kōrero o ngā pānga o te koronitanga ki te wahine Māori, me te ngana o te mihinare me tauiwi kia whakakore atu i ngā tikanga ake a te Māori hei whakatau noa mai i āna anō tikanga Pākehā. E ai ki a Mikaere ka whakarerekēhia ngā tātai arorangi, kōrero tuku iho hoki a te Māori i te kōrero tuaruatanga mai kia arotahi ki ngā atua tāne. Whāia i tērā wā ka akohia e ngā kura mihinare te kōtiro Māori ki ngā mahi o te kāinga, ki te noho hoa pono hoki. Ko te nuinga o te mihinare me te tangata whai ka uaua ki te rangatiratanga o te wahine Māori me tāna āhei kia whakawhitiwhiti kōrero kē ki te tāne. Tekau mā toru anake ngā wahine rangatira i waitohu i te Tiriti o Waitangi (o ngā waitohu e 512). Ko te tamāhine a te rangatira o Ngāti Toa a Te Pēhi tonu tētahi kāore i tukuna kia waitohu i te tiriti i te whakaaro kāore i te wahine te mana. Nā tōna whakatakariri ki tēnei takahi ka whakahē hoki tana tāne kia waitohu.

Mana whenua, mana kōwhiri pōti

Hāunga tēnei ka ārahi tonu ngā wāhine rangatira i ngā kaupapa a ō rātou iwi. Ko ētahi ka whawhai i te taha o ā rātou tāne i ngā pakanga whenua o Aotearoa, i roto hoki i te tukanga Kōti Whenua Māori. Arā anō ētahi pērā i a Mākereti Hinewai o Ngāti Kaputuhi i tū hei kaitaunaki matua ki ngā kōrero tuku iho, ngā whakapapa me ngā pānga whenua o ō rātou hapū.

Ka petihana hoki ngā wāhine rangatira ki te kāwanatanga mō ngā take whenua me te mana ki te kōwhiri pōti i te taha o ō rātou hoa Pākehā, ā, nō te tau 1893 ka tutuki tēnei. Ko ēnei toa mautohe ko Meri Mangakāhia o Te Rarawa, ko Niniwa-i-te-rangi o Ngāti Kahungunu, ko Takarea Te Heuheu o Ngāti Tūwharetoa me Sophia Hērangi o Tūhourangi, ā, whai wāhi katoa rātou ki ngā take o te Paremata o Te Kotahitanga ki Pāpāwai, Wairarapa. Atu i te whakatū kōmiti wahine ka totohe hoki rātou kia tū hoki te wahine ki te paremata Māori, ka mutu he kaupapa i tutuki i te tau 1897. Ko Niniwa-i-te-rangi te etita (kaituku moni hoki) o te niupepa Māori o Te Puke ki Hikurangi.

Mai i te wāhanga tuatahi o te rautau 1900 ko Te Puea Hērangi o Waikato e ārahi ana i te Kīngitanga. I arataki ia i te Kīngitanga ki te marae o Tūrangawaewae, ki roto hoki ki ngā take whenua raupatu o Waikato. Nā tōna ngākau māhaki ka puta anō te rongo mō te Kīngitanga ki te motu.

Footnotes

• Te Manuhiri Tuarangi and Maori Intelligencer 10 (1 Here-turi-kōkā 1861), wh. 10. Back
• I takoto ki 'MANIAPOTO, Rewi Manga.' Kei A. H. McLintock, ētita, An encyclopaedia of New Zealand, i tāngia tuatahitia i 1966, http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/1966/maniapoto-rewi-manga/1 (i tirohia i te 29 Paenga-whāwhā 2011). Back

Te mana hautū me te mautohe, ngā tau o te 1950 ki te 1980

Pakanga Tuarua

I te huakitanga o te Pakanga Tuarua o te Ao, ko ngā wāhine Māori me ngā Pākehā hoki e whakahaere ana i ngā pāmu, i ngā mahi wheketere rānei. Ā, i te tau 1926 e 50 noa iho ngā wāhine Māori e mahi ana i roto i ngā tūmomo ahumahi heoi nō te tau 1945 ka piki ki te 500 te rahi. Nō konei tīmata ai te makeretanga nui o te Māori ki ngā taone noho ai.

Rōpū Wāhine Māori Toko i te Ora

Ko 1951 te tau ka tū te Rōpū Wāhine Māori Toko i te Ora hei tautoko i ngā take whakatū whare, take hauora, mātauranga hoki a te Māori. Kīhai i roa ka parara te awe o te rōpū puta noa i te motu, ā, i roto i te rima tau e 300 ōna peka. Ko tōna perehitini tuatahi ko Whina Cooper tae atu ki te hekeretari tuatahi ko Mira Szaszy. Nāwai ka tū hoki a Mira hei perehitini mō te rōpū. E mōhio whānuitia ana rāua he kaihautū nui nō te Māori i roto i te rautau 1900 nā rāua i para te huarahi mō te rōpū ki te tau rua mano. E haere tonu ana ngā mahi a te rīki ki ngā take papori o te Māori me te whakamōhio ki ngā whānau i ngā take hauora, take whakahaere hoki.

Ngā mōtika o te wahine Māori me te iwi Māori

I ngā tekau tau o te 1970 me te 1980 ko te wahine Māori anō tērā e turuki ana i ngā rōpū mautohe ki ngā take whenua, take mana ōrite, tino rangatiratanga hoki. Ko Ngahuia Te Awekotuku, ko Ripeka Evans, ko Donna Awatere mā ērā i whai i ngā kaupapa mana wahine me te wetewete i te whakapae mō te rangatiratanga ake o te tāne ki roto i te ao Māori. Ko ētahi anō ka whakaara ake i te kaupapa whaikōrero i runga marae.

Ko rātou anō ērā i te mura o te ahi i ngā whakatumatuma a ngā kaimautohe ki ngā pirihimana i te haerenga mai o te kapa Springbok o Awherika ki te Tonga. I hopukina e te kaihanga kiriata Māori e Merata Mita ēnei rīriri i tāna whakaaturanga i a Patu.

Mana whenua

Mai i te tekau tau 1970 ko Whina Cooper rāua ko Eva Rickard e takatū ana ki ngā tautohe mana whenua. I te tau 1975, i tōna tau 79, ka ārahina e Whina tōna rangatū mautohe mai i Te Hāpua ki Te Whanganui-a-Tara. Ko Eva Rickard rātou ko tana rōpū mautohe tērā i noho te papa hahaupaoro o Whāingaroa. I tangohia tēnei whenua i te Māori mō te hanga tauranga rererangi i te wā o te Pakanga Tuarua.

Ngā tōrangapū, pakihi, me te reo

Ngā tōrangapū

Ko 1949 te tau ka riro i a Iriaka Rātana te tūru Māori o te Tai Hauāuru, ā, ka noho koia te wahine Māori tuatahi kia uru ki rō paremata. E 20 tau noho rawa ia ki tēnei tūru. I te tai tonga ka toa a Whetū Tirikatene-Sullivan i te tūru Māori, ā, i te tau 1972 koia te wahine Māori tuatahi kia tū hei minita matua, arā i tōna whakamanatanga ki te tūranga minita tāpoi.

I te tau 1993 ka riro i a Sandra Lee te tūru o te Pokapū o Tāmaki. Hei tuatahitanga tēnei mō te wahine Māori kia riro tētahi tūru whānui o te Paremata o Aotearoa.

Ā, i te tau 2011 tokorua ngā rōpū tōrangapū he kaiārahi wahine Māori ōna – ko Tariana Turia o te Rōpū Māori rāua ko Metiria Turei o te Rōpū Kākāriki.

Te reo whakamāui

I te tau 1958 ka whakatau ake te tohunga kaiwhakaako a Koro Dewes, ‘Ko te reo te kaupapa o te Māoritanga ... Kei ngā kōkā o ngā tamariki te whakautu mō tēnei’.¹ Ko ngā wāhine Māori hoki ngā pou o te whakamāuitanga o te reo Māori. I te tau 1972 ka takoto i a Hana Jackson tana petihana ki te Paremata kia whakaakohia te reo me ngā tikanga Māori ki roto i te kura. Ko Katerina Mataira rāua ko Ngoingoi Pēwhairangi ērā i whakatipu i ngā kura reo o Te Ataarangi. E kīia ana hoki a Mataira ko te ruruhi o te kura kaupapa Māori. Inā anō te maha o ana pukapuka Māori mō te hunga tamariki.

Ko Kahurangi Iritana Tāwhiwhirangi te taituarā o te kōhanga mai anō i ōna tīmatanga i ngā tau tōmua o te 1980. I tautokohia te kaupapa o te Kōhanga Reo e ngā māmā me ngā kuia i runga i te mātāpono, ‘Te tīmatanga o te reo kei ngā waiū o te whaea’.²

Pakihi

Nō te tau 1987 whakatūhia ai e te Rōpū Wahine Māori te Kaporeihana Whakawhanake Wahine Māori, arā he pūtahi moni e whakahaerehia ana e te wahine Māori mō te whanake i te ōhanga Māori. I te tau 2005 ka kitea ki te Pūrongo o Aotearoa mō te Mātai Rakihinonga Ao Whānui ko te wahine Māori te tuatoru o te ao mō te ‘rakahinonga āheitanga’.

Footnotes

• Te Ao Hou 24 (Whiringa-ā-nuku 1958), wh. 17. Back
• Government Review Team, Government review of Te Kōhanga Reo: language is the life force of the people. Te Whanganui-a-Tara: Te Kōhanga Reo National Trust, 1988, wh. 18. Back