I tīmata te rangahautanga o te reo me ngā tikanga Māori i ngā whakapau kaha ā te hunga mihinare kia whai māramatanga atu ki te Māori kia tahuri ai ki te Rongopai.
Ko Thomas Kendall o te Rōpū o te Hāhi Mihinare tētahi o ngā mihinare tuatahi (e toru rātou) i noho tuatahi ki Aotearoa. Nānā te puka reo Māori tuatahi i whakaputaina i te tau 1815, arā ko: A korao [kōrero] no New Zealand; or, the New Zealander's first book; being an attempt to compose some lessons for the instruction of the natives. I te tau 1820 ka haere tahi rātou ko Hongi Hika, ko Waikato, ki Ingarangi mahi ai ki te Whare Wānanga o Cambridge i te taha o Samuel Lee, he kaiwete reo. Hua rawa ake i te mahi ngātahi ko te putanga tuatahi o Grammar and vocabulary of the language of New Zealand. Whai muri i te tutenga hei mihinare, ka noho a Kendall i a Tūngaroa, tamāhine a Rākau, he tohunga nō Rangihoua ki Pēwhairangi. I runga i ēnei hono ka tuhi kōrero mō te tātai arorangi Māori me te whakamahuki i te tikanga o ngā whakairo.
He nui ngā mihinare o Aotearoa i rangahau i ngā reo Kāriki, Rātene hoki. I whakaute rātou ki te tau o te reo rangatira. Inā hoki te tuhi a te mihinare rā a William Yate: ‘He reo māene, he reo rōreka te reo Māori. Inā ka kūmea roatia te kōrero, kore rawa e kiokio nei ki te taringa … he reo ora e mātāpuna ai ngā kīanga, ngā whakataukī, ngā pehapehatū maha. Inā noa ōna whānuitanga, me ōna whāititanga.’1
Nā te mihinare Katorika o Wīwī nā Louis Servant i tuhi tāna tirohanga mō te ao Māori. Nō te tau 1973 ka whakapākehātia te puka e kī ana ko Customs and habits of the New Zealanders. Nā tētahi atu mihinare nā William Williams i whakaputa te papakupu Māori tuatahi i te tau 1844. Nāwai ka whakaputaina e tōna tama me tōna mokopuna (he pīhopa anō rāua) ngā putanga ō muri mai.
Ko te kaiwhakaatu tuatahi pea ki te ao Māori ko Wiremu Te Rangikāheke o Ngāti Rangiwewehi. He mea ako ia ki te kura mīhana. Atu i te tau 1849 ka mahi ia mā Kāwana Kerei, me te ako anō i ngā tikanga me te reo Māori ki te kāwana. He wā e 36 pāuna i te tau ka utua ki a Te Rangikāheke, tāpiri atu ngā utu noho mōna me tana whānau. He huhua āna tuhinga reo Māori e pā ana ki te ao Māori, ā, i tuku īnati ia ki ngā tuhinga a Kerei mō ngā mōteatea e kī ana Ko ngā moteatea, me nga hakirara o nga Maori (1853), me Ko nga mahinga a nga tupuna Maori (1854), me tōna whakapākehātanga a Polynesian mythology (1855).
I te tau 1892 ka whakatū a Stephenson Percy Smith rāua ko Edward Tregear (he kaimahi kāwanatanga rāua tahi) i te Rōpū Poronīhia. Ko te ito o te rōpū he rangahau i ngā kōrero a te Māori me ngā iwi o Te Moananui-a-Kiwa. Ka taritaria e Smit ngā taniwha o te ao Māori, pērā i a Āpirana Ngata rātou ko Māui Pōmare ko Te Rangi Hīroa. Rātou tokotoru he tautōhito i ākona ki ngā whare wānanga o te ao (ko Pōmare rāua ko Te Rangi Hīroa i kuraina hei rata, ā, ko Ngata hei rōia), ki ngā whare wānanga Māori hoki. Nāwai ka tū a Te Rangi Hīroa hei ahorangi mātauranga tikanga tangata ki te Whare Wānanga o Yale ki Amerika. Nō muri ka tū hei ringa tohu mō te whare taonga mātauranga momo tangata o Pīhopa, ki Hawaii.
Mai anō i te tau 1892 e whakaputaina ana te Hautaka o te Rōpū Poronīhia (e haere tonu nei i te tau 2013). Ko ngā pūkenga tonu o te ao Māori ōna ētita, pērā i a Te Pēhi. Ara anō ngā whakaputanga a te rōpū pērā i ngā whakaeminga kōrero tuku iho, te kohikohinga waiata a Ngata o Ngā mōteatea (1928) me te putanga hou a Kerei e kī ana ko Nga mahi a nga tupuna (1928).
He Te Arawa, he Ingarihi ngā mātua a Mākereti Papakura. Atu i te tau 1926 ki tōna matenga i te tau 1930, e kura ana ia ki te Whare Wānanga o Oxford. Nō te tau 1938 ka whakaputaina tōna tuhingaroa a The old-time Maori. Ko tēnei te whakaputanga matua tuatahi a tētahi kaimātai momo tangata Māori.
Ko Āpirana Ngata te kaiwhakaū i te ako o te mātauranga Māori ki roto i te whare wānanga. Kāti ko Ngata te Māori tuatahi kia whakapōtaengia ki te whare wānanga i Aotearoa i te tau 1893. He pūkōrero, he tautōhito hoki a Ngata i whakangungua ki ngā kōrero tuku iho. He pūkōrero tōna matua nō tōna iwi, ā, he nui ngā whakahekenga kōrero i tau ki runga i tana tama. Nō muri ka uru a Ngata ki te Rōpū Poronīhia i a ia tonu i te whare wānanga. Atu i te tau 1938 ki te tau 1950, koia te perehitini o te rōpū. Nānā te kohinga puka mōteatea o Ngā mōteatea i kohi i tuhi, he manukura rongonui. Nānā tonu i hautū i ngā akoranga e pā ana ki a Ngāti Porou e kī ana ko Rauru-Nui-a-Toi.
I te tau 1865 ka whakaae te tohunga o Ngāti Kahungunu a Moihi Te Mātorohanga ki te tuku i ngā kōrero a ōna kauheke, pērā i ngā kōrero mō te orokohanga, te tūhuratanga me te nohotanga o Aotearoa, ngā whakapapa me ngā tīpuna, me ngā mahinga rongonui a ngā iwi. Ko tētahi o ngā kaiwhakarongo ko Hoani Te Whatahoro Jury, ā, nānā i tuhi ngā kōrero. I te tau 1910 ka tukuna ōna tuhinga ki Te Whare Taonga o Aotearoa, ā, ka tāruangia ngā kōrero e Te Pēhi. Ka noho ko ēnei kōrero hei hīnātore mā Te Pēhi me S. Percy Smith mā ki te ao Māori.
E pūmau tonu ai te mātauranga Māori ki roto ki ngā pūnaha o te mātauranga, ka waihanga a Ngata i te poari rangahau Māori i te tau 1923. Ko te whāinga he mairanga i te rangahautanga o te reo me ngā tikanga Māori, me te whakaputa anō i ngā mahi a ngā kaimātai momo tangata pērā i a Te Pēhi rātou ko Te Rangi Hīroa, ko Henry Skinner. I whakaputa anō te poari i a Te Wānanga, he hoa tauwhāinga nō te Hautaka a te Rōpū Poronīhia. E toru ngā putanga a Te Wananga i whakaputaina i ngā tau 1929 me 1930.
I te tau 1926 ka whakatau atu a Ngata i te whakaaro ki te Whare Wānanga o Aotearoa kia whakaurua te reo Māori hei kaupapa i roto i te tohu paetahi. I wawata ia kia whakamāmā i te whakataunga atu i tōna makanga i te reo Māori ki te wāhanga o ngā reo tāwāhi. I te whakataunga atu o tēnei whakaaro ki te whare wānanga, ka whakapae ētahi kāore he tuhinga tūturu tō te reo Māori hei tautoko i te hōtaka. Ka tohu a Ngata ki ngā tuhinga whānui a Kerei e kī ana ko Nga mahi a nga tupuna me Nga moteatea, tā White puka e kī ana ko Ancient history of the Maori me ngā niupepa Māori, tae atu ki ngā tuhinga kōrero a Te Mātorohanga rātou ko Te Whatahoro Jury, ko Pita Kapiti, ko Te Rangiuia.
Ko tā Ngata īnati ki ngā tuhinga reo Māori ko tana kohinga o ngā mōteatea Māori i whakaputaina i te tau 1924 hei kīnaki ki te niupep Māori o Te Toa Takitini. Nāwai ka whakaputaina ēnei kōrero e te Rōpū Poronīhia ki roto ki ngā putanga e whā o te puka e kī ana ko Ngā mōteatea. Nō te tau 1959 ka whakaputa te putanga tuatahi.
Kātahi ka whakaaea mai e te Poari Ako o Aotearoa i te reo Māori hei kaupapa o te taumata tohu paetahi, engari kīhai i whai kiko tērā whakaaro. I roto i te 20 tau ka whakapau kaha a Ngata ki te waihanga pūkengatanga Māori engari auare ake te riro mai he pūtea. I te hui rangatahi Māori i te Whare Wānanga o Tāmaki-makaurau, ka whakamanahia te mōtini kia waihangatia te whare kōrero Māori hei whakatairanga i te mātauranga Māori ki ngā whare wānanga, pērā i te Whare Wānanga Kāreti o Tāmaki-makaurau, te Kura Takiura o Tāmaki-makaurau, me Te Whare Taonga o Tāmaki-makaurau. Nō te pakarutanga o te Pakanga Tuarua o te Ao ka whakairihia ērā kaupapa ki te pakitara.
Nō te hekenga ki ngā taone, ka noho manene te iwi, ka taka te rangatahi ki te hē. Ko tēnei te tīmatahanga o te whai wāhi o te mātauranga Māori ki roto ki ngā whare wānanga. I te tau 1946 ka tūtohu tētahi komiti iti mātauranga Māori i te Kaunihera Mātauranga Wānanga o Tāmaki-makaurau kia tohua he kaiako Māori ki ngā toi, whakairo, reo me ngā hītori ki te hunga noho taone. Kāti ko Maharaia Winiata te kaiako Māori tuatahi, i tohua i te tau 1949.
Ka pūtiki herenui a Winiata i te kaupapa i ōna hononga ki ngā iwi o Waikato me Te Moana-a-Toitehuatahi, ara, te whaitua tonga o te rohe o te Whare Wānanga o Tāmaki-makaurau. Nā te hiakai a te marea ki ngā ako, ka tohua ko Matiu Te Hau hei kaiako ki te pito whakararo.
Ka whāngai atu a Te Hau rāua ko Winiata i te ngene o te tāmure ki ngā hapori, ā, waihangatia mai ana ngā akomanga reo, ahurea, hauora, mātauranga, whanake whenua Māori hoki. Ka whakatū anō te wānanga mō ngā toi raranga me ngā toi whakairo Māori. Ko ēnei akoranga katoa ka hoki ki ngā kaupapa tapitapi whare a ngā iwi.
Ko tētahi o ngā kaupapa nui i turukitia e Hau rāua ko Winiata ko te hukenga ake o te Hui Rangatahi Māori i tū ki Te Whare Wānanga o Tāmaki-makaurau i te tau 1959. Ka rauika ake ngā māngai o ngā kāinga Māori puta noa i te pito whakararo o Te Ika-a-Māui. Ko ngā kaupapa o te hui, ko te reo Māori, ko te mātauranga, ko te hauora, ko te whai whare me te whakawhanake whenua.
Nō taua hui ka rangarangaihi te koronga kia whakahaungia atu rā ki ngā papakāinga Māori. I muri mai ka tū ngā hui ki Kaitāia, ki Ngāruawāhia, ki Whakatāne, me Tūranganui-a-Kiwa i te tau 1960, ki Tauranga, ki Taupō, ki Rotorua me Wairoa i te tau 1961. I ēnei hui tū ai ngā akoako whare wānanga e pā ana ki te ture, te mātai momo tangata, te mātauranga Māori, te mātauranga pakeke. Nā tō rātou kanohi kite aka piki ake te mana o te whare wānanga.
Ko Bruce Biggs te pouako reo Māori tuatahi. Ahakoa he Māori ia, ko tōna reo tuarua tēnā. He kaitaunaki ia i te whakamahinga o ngā oro puare takirua (pērā i a ngaati) tēnā i te whakamahi tohutō (pērā i te ngāti). Nāwai kāore i tōminatia e te hunga reo Māori tēnei tikanga, ā, ka whakaturehia e Te Taura Whiri i te Reo Māori te tohutō.
I te tau 1951 ka tohua e te tumuaki o te Tari Mātai Tikanga Tangata e Ahorangi Ralph Piddington, a Bruce Biggs hei pouako reo Māori. E ai ki te pouako Wīwī ehara te reo Māori i te reo karahipi nā te mea he ngutungutu noa te reo Māori. Hei urupare i tēnei kōrero ka tīkina atu e Biggs ngā tauira o Ngā mōteatea, Nga mahi a ngā tupuna, Te Paipera Tapu me te huhua noa atu pērā i Te haerenga o te manene, te whakamāoritanga o The pilgrim’s progress.
Nā Ahorangi Piddington te mōtini kia ākona te reo Māori ki te Tari Mātai Tikanga Tangata. Ko te whakaaro ka hāngai pū tonu te reo tangata whenua ki te mātauranga tikanga tangata. Nō te whakamanatanga o te mōtini kātahi anō ka whai kiko te whakataunga a te te kāhui hanga ture i te tau 1929 kia uru te mātauranga Māori hei kaupapa mō te tohu paetahi. I te tau 1991 ka hanga te Whare Wānanga o Tāmaki-makaurau ka tū te tari motuhake mō te mātauranga Māori.
Mai ka tīmata te kura Māori o Te Whare Wānanga o Tāmaki-makaurau ko te reo Māori te umanga nui. Iwhai take ngā akoako o te hōtaka i ngā mātauranga i kohia e Biggs i tana tohu ahorangi ki te Whare Wānanga o Indiana i te tau 1957. I tino hāngai pū tōna puka ako reo Māori a Let’s learn Maori mā te tangata kīhai i pakeke mai i te reo Māori.
Nō te urunga o te reo Māori ki te whare wānanga ka paraia te huarahi mō te ahurea Māori. Ko ētahi kaupapa o te mātauranga Māori ko te kawa o te marae, ko te whaikōrero, ko te waiata, ko ngā pūrākau, ko ngā kōrero ā-iwi, ko te ahurea, ko te toi whakairo, ko te mahi tukutuku, mahi raranga hoki.
Nāwai ka whakawhānui atu ki ngā take mohoa pērā i ngāmahi tōrangapū, te urupare ki te whakataiwhenuatanga, te whakahaere rawa a te Māori, ngā mātauranga taketake, te Tiriti o Waitangi me te whakataunga o ngā kokoraho whenua ki te Karauna.
Ka whāia te huarahi i whakatakotoria e Te Whare Wānanga o Tāmaki-makaurau. I te tau 1964 ka ara te Whare Wānanga o Te Ūpoko o Te Ika-a-Māui, ā, ka taria ko Joan Metge hei pouako matua ki te tari hou mō ngā mātauranga tikanga tangata. Tāria te wā e riro mai tētahi ahorangi, ka whakatauhia mā Metge te tohu Māori e hautū ki raro i te maru o ngā mātauranga tikanga tangata. I te tau 1965 ka tautokona a Wiremu Parker ki te ako i te pepa tuatahi e pā ana ki te reo Māori, ā, ka kawea hoki e Metge te akomanga mō te pāpori me te ahurea Māori.
I a ia e tamariki tonu ana ka noho a Ruka Broughton ki raro i ngā ako o te tohunga i a Rākei Kīngi, i tuku i ngā whakapapa, ngā waiata, ngā karakia me te mau rākau. Nāwai ka tū a Ruka hei pirihi mō te Hāhi Mihinare, engari ka noho tonu ia hei tohunga. I te tau 1979 ka tohua ia hei pouako ki Te Whare Wānanga o Te Ūpoko o Te Ika-a-Māui, ki reira whakaara anō ai ngā karakia tawhito. Kātahi ka titoa mai e ia ko ‘Kaore taku raru’, he waiata e pā ana ki te marae o Te Herenga Waka , me tōna matenga.
I te tau 1966 ka tonoa a Paaka ki te tari whānui i tōna kore whai tohu. Ko tana piki tūranga k Te Kapunga (Koro) Dewes, i riro mai i te Tohu Paerua mai i Te Whare Wānanga o Tāmaki-makaurau. Nā Dewes te hōtaka o te kawa o te marae i kawe, i akona ai te kaikōrero Māori ki te tuku mihi, whaikōrero hoki i runga marae. Nā te mea he rūmaki i te reo te kaupapa ako, ko Te Whare Wānanga o Te Ūpoko o Te Ika-a-Māui te whare wānanga i hiahiatia e te tauira whai i te reo Māori. Nā Dewes i whakatairanga te whakaaro kia tū motuhake tētahi tari Māori ki waho i te Tari Mātauranga Tikanga Tangata.
I te tau 1975 ka tohua ko Hirini Moko Mead hei heamana mātauranga Māori. Nō roto i te wā koia te whakahaere i te mātauranga Māori tū ai te tari motuhake (i te tau 1978). I te tau 1979 ka tīmata te hōtaka tohu paerua Māori ki Te Whare Wānanga o Te Ūpoko o Te Ika. Nā Mead anō i whakarite te kawa mōngā whakapōtae Māori, ā, nānā i turuki te whakatūnga o te marae o Te Herenga Waka i tuwhera i te tau 1986.
I te Poutūterangi o te tau 1974 ka tae a Te Awaroa Nēpia ki tōna hui tuatahi mō te Kura Toi ki Te Whare Wānanga o Waitaha. Ko te hua tēnei o te whawhai roa a ngā tauira me ngā kaimahi kia tū tēnei tūranga. I tōna tūnga ka tuku miohi a Nēpia i roto i te reo Māori. I tērā wā ka ngarue te whenua, ā, ka ngaoko te iwi.
I te tau 1974 ka tohua a Te Awaroa (Bill) Nēpia hei pouako Māori motuhake ki Te Whare Wānanga o Waitaha. I tauira ia i tōna hōtaka ako ki tērā i mahia e Dewes ki Te Whare Wānanga o Te Ūpoko o Te Ika. Nā te korekore o ngā whakataringa Māori whai tohu, ka tohua e Nēpia te kaimātai tikanga tangata a Margaret Orbell kia ako, kia whakawhanake hoki i te karahipi tuhinga Māori. Nō te matenga o Nēpia i te tau 1987, kāore he piki tūranga hei whakakī i te whāwhārua. Nō reira ka tohua ko Orbell hei tumuaki mātauranga Māori.
I te tau 1990 ka tohu a Te Matawhānui ki Te Whare Wānanga o Waitaha kia riro mai tētahi tūnga tumuaki mātauranga Māori. Nō te tau 1991 ka tohua ko Roger Maaka ki te tūranga.
I te tau 1971 ka tohua ko Hugh Kāwharu hei heamana mō te kura mātai tikanga tangata ki Te Kunenga ki Pūrehuroa. Nānā i whakatū te mātauranga Māori ki te wāhanga mātauranga tikanga tangata hei whakatari i ngā kaikōrero Māori kia akohia te reo. Ka whai anō te kaiārahi o te hōtaka a Āpirana Ngata i te tauira rūmaki reo Māori a Dewes. Ara anō te hunga reo Māori ka whakaū i ngā mahi a te hōtaka pērā i a Taiarahia Black, ka whakatūhia a Mason Durie hei heamana mō te mātauranga Māori i te tau 1988. Nāwai ka panonitia hei tari motuhake.
He rautaki anō tō Te Whare Wānanga o Waikato. Ka mairanga a James Ritchie i te whakatūnga o te pūtahi rangahau mātauranga Māori, ā, i te tau 1972 ka whakawahia ko Te Kotahi Mahuta hei ringa tohu. Ka aropū ngā ako a te wāhanga Māori ki te reo ā-waha me ngā tikanga. Ara anō te pūtahi i aropū ki te rangahau.
I whakaputaina e te pūtahi rangahau ngā raupapatanga pepa e pā ana ki te noho a te pāpori, te ōhanga me ngā tatauranga taupori e pā ana ki ngā iwi o Waikato. Ko te hua o ēnei pepa ko te pūrongo mō Tainui i whakaputaina i te tau 1983. Ko tōna kaupapa he whakatewhatewha i te noho a te iwi me te para i te huarahi mō te whakatainga tiriti a Tainui me te Karauna.
I te tau 1983 ka whakauru te Whare Wānanga o Ōtākou i te mātauranga Māori. I te tau 1995 ka kitea e te aromatawai he iti rawa ōna kaimahi e whai tohu ana ki te ako. Ko te urupare a te whare wānanga, he tohu ia Tania Ka’ai ki te tūnga ahorangi mātauranga Māori. Whai muri ka pakari ake ngā mahi i te whakawahinga o Muru Māra ki te tari.
I te tau 1999, e toru o ngā tari Māori e whitu e ārahina ana e tētahi ahorangi. I tua atu i te ako tauira, he whakangungu, he whakawhanake kaimahi te aronga. Tēnā ka riro mahi te kaimahi teina, me whakauru rātou ki te tohu paerua, tohu kairangi rānei.
Ka nanaiore anō ngā kāreti ki te waihanga i ngā tari Māori. Ka mutu nō te tau 1961 ka tohua e Te Kāreti Kaiako o Tāmaki-makaurau a Harry Lambert ki te tari. Nō tana wehenga i te tau 1962 ka whakaū ōna piki i te marautanga, ā, ka pupū ake te mahi a te tauira e uru ana ki te kāreti i roto i te rima tau. Taro kau iho hangaia motuhaketia ai te tari Māori ki raro i te awe o Vernon Penfold.
I te tau 1963 ka whakaurua mai ko Barry Mitcalfe ki te ako i te mātauranga o Poronīhia ki raro i te Tari Mātauranga Pāpori. E rima tau i muri mai ka tāpirihia he tūnga anō, ā, ka riro ki a Tīpene O’Regan te mahi ako i ngā mātauranga e pā ana ki Aotearoa. Ko te tūranga mātauranga Poronīhiaka tiritahitia e rāua ko Mitcalfe. Nō te wehenga a Mitcalfe i te tau 1972, ka hanga hou anō a O’Regan te āhua o te hōtaka Māori. Nāwai ka tū ia hei pouako matua mō ngā mātauranga Māori, mātauranga pāpori hoki.
Ka pare tonu te tuara o te Kāreti Kaiako o Papaioea ki tētahi tūnga pouako Māori. Ko te huringa o te tai ko te kore āhei o ngā kaiako i puta i te kāreti ki te ako ki ngā tamariki Māori ki Tāmaki ki te tonga. Ka amuamu rātou kīhai rātou i whai ngā akonga tōtika mō te kura iwi maha.
Ka tū te ihu o te tumuaki o te kāreti nei, ara a Colin Knight ki te whakatū tūnga Māori tae rawa ki te tekau tau 1980. I whakapono ia he iwi kotahi te Māori me tauiwi.
I te tau 1999 ka puta te whakataunga a te Rōpū Whakamana i te Tiriti o Waitangi mō te whakarahu a te Karauna ki te whakarato i ngā kura wānanga e toru. E ai ki te kokoraho, he rerekē te ako a ngā wānanga ki ngā tari Māori a ngā whare wānanga auraki. Ki tā te kitenga a te taraipiunara, ‘kei ngā whare wānanga te tirohanga Pākehā ki te ao Māori, kei ngā wānanga te tirohanga Māori ki te ao.’1 Kātahi ka tūtohu ia ki te Karauna kia utua ngā wānanga e toru mō tēnei hapa.
I karohia te take o te whakatūnga o te tari Māori i te makaiatanga ki raro i te kura mātauranga tikanga tangata. Heoi ki tā Mason Durie ehara i te tika kia noho tētahi mātauranga ki raro i tētahi atu. I oreore hoki te ao tōrangapū, nā reira ka tūturu te noho motuhake o ngā mātauranga.
Haunga tēnei wehenga, ka whakaarotia ngā tari Māori o ngā whare wānanga; ehara rātou i te wānanga, ehara hoki rātou i te kura wānanga auraki. I runga i tēnei take, ka kī a Durie ehara tonu mā ngā whare wānanga te ako i te Māori kia Māori ai. Ko tērā mahi mā ngā wānanga ā-iwi, pērā i Te Wānanga o Raukawa i Ōtaki, Te Whare Wānanga o Awanuiārangi i Whakatāne me Te Wānanga o Aotearoa i Te Awamutu.
Boshier, Roger, ed. Towards a learning society: New Zealand adult education in transition. Vancouver: Learningpress, 1980.
Peters, Michael, ed. After the disciplines: the emergence of cultural studies. Westport, Connecticut: Bergin & Garvey, 1999.
Walker, Ranginui. He tipua: the life and times of Sir Apirana Ngata. Tāmakimakaurau: Penguin Books, 2002.