Ngā mātāpono o te tiriti

He aha ngā mātāpono o te tiriti?

He mea haina te tiriti e te Māori me te Karauna o Peretania i te tau 1840. Ehara tonu te Tiriti o Waitangi i te ture. Engari mai noa i te tau 1975 ka whakaurua ōna mātāpono ki ngā ture maha. Ko te ture tuatahi ki te whakauru i ngā mātāpono o te tiriti ko te Ture Tiriti o Waitangi i te tau 1975 i hua ake ai te Rōpū Whakamana i te Tiriti o Waitangi (Taraipiunara). I runga i tēnei ture ka āhei te Māori ki te hora kerēme ki te taraipiunara mō ngā kaupapa me ngā mahi (me ētahi āhuatanga atu) a te Karauna kāore i te hāngai ki ngā mātāpono o te Tiriti.

Mai i te tau 1975 he maha noa atu ngā ture ka whaiwhai i ngā mātāpono o te tiriti, ka mutu he whakamātautanga i te whai mārama o te Tiriti o Waitangi i ēnei rā. E whakauru ana ngā mātāpono o te tiriti ki:

• ngā whakawā kōti
• ngā ture hou
• ngā kitenga taraipiunara
• tētahi tauākī kāwanatanga i te tau 1989.

Rārangi mutunga kore

He mutunga kore ngā mātāpono tiriti, ka mutu kei roto i ngā kupu whānui ngā mātāpono e whakamāramatia ana. Engari kāore e whakaurua ngā tuhinga tonu o te tiriti, nā runga i te rerekē o te whakamārama Ingarihi, Māori hoki, me te ara ake o ētahi taupatupatu. I te tau 1983 ka whakatau te Rōpū Whakamana i te Tiriti o Waitangi, ‘He nui kē ake te wairua o te tiriti tēnā i ngā kupu o roto i ōna upoko, nā reira, kaua e matawhāiti te titiro ki ngā aronga kupu, kaua hoki e matawhāiti ngā whakamārama mō aua upoko.’¹

Nā te mea i hainatia te tiriti i te tau 1840, ka noho anō tēnei hei take kāore i whakaurua te tiriti ki ngā tuhinga ā-ture. Otirā ka pā ōna kupu ki ngā kaupapa i waenganui i te Māori me te Karauna o tērā wā. E whai panga ai te tiriti ki ngā kaupapa a te Karauna me te Māori i ēnei rā ka ngana te taraipiunara me ngā kōti ki te whakamārama i ngā huatau pū me ngā āwhero maha o te tiriti, otirā ki te whakahāngai i ngā mātāpono ki tēnā kerēme ki tēnā kerēme. Kua kōhatutia ētahi o ēnei mātāpono i ēnei wā, ko ētahi kua roa kē e tipu haere ana. He kaupapa tohetohe tonu ētahi mātāpono.

Kia tika te whakaū i te tiriti i te horopaki e hāngai ana ki te Karauna me te Māori ināianei, ka whakaarotia tonutia te Taraipiunara me ngā kōti i ngā whakaaro atawhai, takune, whāinga hoki o te tiriti, kia tohungia hoki ētahi mātāpono i ngā wā e tika ana. Ko ētahi o ēnei mātāpono kua whakaūngia kētia. 

Ka kaha kōrerotia ‘ngā P e toru’ i ngā wā kei te kōrerotia ngā mātāpono: arā, ko te mahi (partnership), te atawhai (protection), te whai wāhitanga (participation) hoki. I te haere o te wā, kua waihangahia ētahi atu mātāpono. He tautohenga te āhua o ētahi mātāpono. 

Footnotes

1. Waitangi Tribunal, Report of the Waitangi Tribunal on the Motunui-Waitara claim. Te Whanganui-a-Tara: Department of Justice, 1983, p. 47. Back
2. Tainui Maori Trust Board v Attorney-General. New Zealand Law Reports (1987): 527. Back

Ngā mātāpono Tiriti a ngā kōti

Kēhi whenua, tau 1987

Nō te kēhi i te tau 1987 kātahi anō ka whakamārama hōhonutia ngā mātāpono tiriti. Ko te tono tērā a te Kaunihera Māori ki te Kōti Pīra mena tonu i te takahi ngā mahi a te kāwanatanga i ngā mātāpono o te Tiriti o Waitangi. E whakautua ai te pātai me whakatau te kōti he aha ia aua mātāpono. E ai ki tētahi o ngā kaiwhakawā mō taua kēhi a Kaiwhakawā Robin Cooke, ‘tērā pea koinei tētahi o ngā kēhi nui rawa kua tau ki mua ki te aroaro o tētahi kōti i Aotearoa nei.’¹ I runga i te whakatau a te kōti ka paraia te huarahi mō ētahi atu pūrongo taraipiunara.

Anei ētahi o ngā mātāpono i whakamāramatia i te kēhi whenua o te tau 1987:

• te kawenga kia tika kia pono – ko te tiriti te tohu o te hononga i waenga i te Pākehā me te Māori, ā, kia tika kia pono tētahi ki tētahi’²
• kia kaha tonu te Karauna ki te tiaki i ngā painga a te Māori – ehara te kawenga o te Karauna i te ngoikore noa iho, engari ka whai niho tonu tana manaaki i te whakamahi a te Māori i ōna whenua me ōna wai, ‘kia eke ai ki ōna taumata taua manaakitanga’³
• kia noho mōhio te kāwanatanga i mua i āna whakataunga katoa – ki tā te Kōti Pīra me ako, me noho mōhio tonu te kāwanatanga ina whakatau tikanga ia e pā ana ki te tiriti
• me rongoā e te Karauna ngā mamae o mua – ‘Mena ka kitea he tika te kokoraho, ā, ka tūtohu te Taraipiunara kia utua te hara e te Karauna, hāunga ērā ka kīia he take tika hei pupuri i te utu a tētahi hoa Tiriti pono – he āhuatanga ruarua tēnei, kāore tonu pea e pērā’⁴
• kei te Karauna te mana whakahaere – kāore ngā mātāpono tiriti e whakamana i te whakaitinga o te mana kāwanatanga, kia kotiti rānei i ngā kaupapa ka horahia e ia. Waihoki,  kāore he take hei herehere i te Kāwanatanga, hei taupatupatu tērā ki ngā mātāpono tiriti’.⁵ Ki tā tētahi atu kaiwhakawā o te kēhi ki a Gordon Bisson, ‘e hāngai ai ki ngā mātāpono o te tiriti, me whakarato ture tonu te Karauna kia eke ai ngā hiahia o te hapori whānui, me te whai whakaaro tonu ki ngā take ōhanga me ētahi atu kaupapa o te rā’.⁶

Ētahi atu kēhi

I muri i te kēhi whenua o te tau 1987, arā anō ngā kēhi i whai wāhi ai ngā mātāpono o te Tiriti o Waitangi. Ko ēnei ētahi o aua kēhi:

• Te Kaunihera Māori ki te Kaiwhakawā Matua i te tau 1989 e pā ana ki ngā rawa ngahere
• Te Poari o Tainui ki te Kaiwhakawā matua i te tau 1989 e pā ana ki te waro
• Te Kaunihera Māori ki te Kaiwhakawā Matua i te tau 1991 e pā ana ki ngā iarere irirangi
• Te Kaunihera Māori ki te Kaiwhakawā Matua i te tau 1992 e pā ana ki ngā rawa pāpāho
• Te Poari Māori o Ngāi Tahu ki te Director-General of Conservation 1995, e pā ana ki te tirotiro tohorā ahumoni.

I te tau 1994 ka kī ake tētahi kaiwhakawā o te Kōti Teitei, ‘kāore e kore he hua pai tō ngā mātāpono ki te Karauna, otirā kia ngana tonu ia ki te tiaki i te Māori i raro i te Tiriti’.⁷

I te tau 1996, ka whakatūria e Aotearoa te Kōti Taiao, ki te titiro ki ngā take ka pupū ake i te Ture Whakahaere Rawa 1991, he ture tēnei kei te whai wāhi tonu atu ngā mātāpono o te Tiriti o Waitangi. He maha ngā kitenga ā te Kōti Taiao e hāngai ana ki ngā whakataunga ā te kāwanatanga ā-rohe, me te aha anō kia arotahi te Karauna kia uia rawatia te Māori i raro i te wāhanga tuawaru o te ture.

Footnotes

1. New Zealand Maori Council v Attorney-General. New Zealand Law Reports 1 (1987): 643. Back
2. New Zealand Law Reports 1 (1987): 642. Back
3. New Zealand Law Reports 1 (1987): 664. Back
4. New Zealand Law Reports 1 (1987): 664–65. Back
5. New Zealand Law Reports 1 (1987): 665–66. Back
6. New Zealand Law Reports 1 (1987): 716. Back
7. Taiaroa v Minister of Justice unreported, 29 August 1994, McGechan J, HC Te Whanganui-a-Tara cp 99/94, p. 69. Back

Ngā mātāpono kua hangaia mā te ture

Mai i te Ture Tiriti o Waitangi 1975 he maha atu ngā ture kua tūtohu, kua tuarua, ā, kua whakawhanake hoki i ngā mātāpono o te Tiriti o Waitangi. I te tau 2011 neke atu i te 30 ngā wāhanga ture e pā ana ki ngā mātāpono o te tiriti. Ko te nuinga o ēnei ture i pā ki ngā rawa whenua, heoi, arā anō ētahi atu pērā i te Ture Mātauranga o te tau 1989 e aro kē ana ki ngā kaupapa here ā-pāpori. I ngā tau kua hipa, kua tipu haere ngā ture e whai wāhi atu ngā mātāpono. I te 2022, i puta i Te Arawhiti – The Office of Crown Māori Relations ētahi kupu ārahi mā ngā kaihanga kaupapa here, hei tohutoro i a rātou e whakatau ana ina whai wāhi atu te tiriti i roto i ngā ture hou, he aha hoki ngā momo tohutoro me whakahua mō ngā kaupapa tika.

Ētahi tauira o te whakaurunga o ngā mātāpono ki ētahi ture:

• ‘I roto i te whakahaerenga rawa taiao, kikokiko hoki me aro ki ngā mātāpono o te Tiriti o Waitangi (Ture Taiao 1986).
• Kia kaua tētahi wāhanga o tēnei Ture e tuku i te Karauna kia takatakahi i ngā mātāpono o te Tiriti o Waitangi’ (Ture Rawa Kāwanatanga 1986).
• Ka whakamāramatia, ka whakaritea hoki tēnei Ture kia whai mana ai ngā mātāpono o te Tiriti o Waitangi (Ture Papa Atawhai 1987)
• Ko ngā tāngata katoa ka whakamahi i ngā mana whakamahi, whakawhanake, manaaki taiao, rauemi kikokiko hoki me whai whakaaro anō ki ngā mātāpono o te Tiriti o Waitangi (Ture Manaaki Taiao 1991).
• ‘Ko ngā tāngata katoa ka whakamahi i ngā mana kei raro i tēnei ture me whai whakaaro ki ngā mātāpono o te Tiriti o Waitangi' (Ture Manawa Whenua Karauna 1991).

Te Ture Hao Ika

I roto i te Ture Hao Ika 1983 ko tētahi wāhanga ārahi e kī ana, kore rawa taua ture e whakawaimeha i ngā mana hao ika o te Māori. I te tau 1990 ka whakapae Te Rūnanga o Muriwhenua kei te takahi te pūnaha hao ika (o te tau 1986) i tēnei ture ārahi. Ka whakaae te Kōti Pīra ki tā te rūnanga, ā, ka kī rātou he taonga ora te tiriti ki Aotearoa nei. Nā te murunga whakaaro kore o ngā ika i ngā tauranga ika Māori tūturu, kua ara mai he āhuatanga kīhai i mōhiotia i te hainatanga o te tiriti

Ngā mātāpono tiriti i whakawhanakehia e te Rōpū Whakamana i te Tiriti o Waitangi

Pūrongo Ngāi Tahu

I te tau 1991 ka rangahau te taraipiunara i ngā nawe tiriti o te iwi o Te Waipounamu o Ngāi Tahu.

I tīkina e te pūrongo (toru puka) muru whenua a Ngāi Tahu i te tau 1987 ki ngā kōrero mātāpono tiriti o te kēhi whenua 1987 hei wāhanga o ōna whakamārama. I takea mai i tēnei pūrongo ko te whakapaparanga mātāpono tiriti i puea anō ki ngā kerēme maha i ngā tau ka hori.

I roto i te pūrongo a Ngāi Tahu ka kōrero te taraipiunara mō te mātāpono pū kei roto i te tiriti, arā te ‘mātāpono o te tauhokohoko’. Kei roto noa i te mātāpono o te tauhokohoko ko te utu – ‘ko te utu mō te mana kāwanatanga ko te mana a te Māori kia pupuri tonu te tino rangatiratanga a ngā iwi ki runga ki ō rātou whenua me ō rātou taonga katoa’.²

Ka tūtohu anō te taraipiunara i ētahi atu mātāpono tiriti:

• I te tau 1991 ka kī ake te taraipiunara, ‘Ko te utu mō te tuku a te Māori i te mana rangatiratanga ki te Karauna ko te manaakitanga a te Karauna i te tino rangatiratanga Māori.’³
• E hāngai pū ana ngā mātāpono o te mahitahi me te pono ki te mātāpono o te tauhokohoko. He hononga te tiriti i waenganui i te Māori me te Karauna, otirā kia tika ngā mahi, ina āta whakaarotia, ā, kia pono pū tētahi taha ki tētahi. ⁴
• * E ai ki te tikanga o te manaaki tōhau nui o te Karauna i te Māori, kāore e taea e te Karauna te tiaki i te Māori mena ia ka karo i ngā takahitanga o te tiriti. Engari ia me tū tonu te Karauna ki te tiaki i ngā mana tiriti o te Māori hei whakahōnore i te tiriti. I kī anō te taraipiunara ko te ‘kupu taurangi’ (guarantee) he hōhonu ake i te tuku noa iho mā te Māori anō e whakaharakoa ki tōna reo me tōna ahurea. Me rapu huarahi tūturu hei manaakitanga i te Māori kia pai ai tōna mau ki ngā taonga reo, me tōna ahurea.’⁵
• I hua ake te kawenga kaitiaki o te Karauna i te tekau tau 1990, arā, i te whakataunga o te Karauna i ētahi rawa pērā i ngā pāpāho irirangi me te pūngao. Ko te kawenga kaitiaki i konei ko te pono o te hoa o raro (te Māori) e mahi pono ana te hoa o runga (te Karauna) mō ā rāua painga anō. Kua kī te taraipiunara, ‘I te mea ko te kāwanatanga te mana nui o tēnei hononga, he kawenga kaitiaki tōna hei tiaki i ngā painga a te Māori.’⁶
• Ko te tikanga o te mātāpono kōwhiri, kia āhei te Māori ki te whai i te huarahi nāna i whakatakoto. Ka whakamārama te taraipiunara ka tiaki te tiriti i ngā mana Māori, ā, ka tukuna hoki te mana tangata Peretānia.⁷ Ko te hua, ka taea e te Māori te hīkoi i ngā ao e rua, ā, māna rawa e tohu ki hea hīkoi ai. 
• He roa te wā e hanga haeretia ana te mātāpono whakawhitiwhiti kōrero. I mua atu ka whakaarotia he ātawhaitanga noa te whakamōhio a te Karauna i te Māori, engari kua huri kē tēnei hei kawenga. I te tau 1999 ka kī te taraipiunara, ‘Ki tō mātou titiro mā te kōrero ka hua ake te hononga pono i waenganui i ngā hoa o te Tiriti … me kimi me rapu te huarahi pai mō te katoa e hāngai tonu ai ki ngā mātāpono tiriti.’⁸
• Ko te mātāpono o te whakawhanake te mātāpono e pā rawa ai te tiriti ki ngā rawa me ngā hangarau kāore i kitea i te wā i hainatia e ngā hoa tiriti i te tau 1840. I te tau 1993 ka kī te taraipiunara kāore e taea te whakawhāiti i ngā hiahia a te Māori ki te horopaki o te wā o te tiriti, ā, ka whakaurua hoki te mana ki te whakawhanake rawa hei oranga ohaoha. Engari i te kerēme huarākau kiwi i te tau 1995 ka kī ake te taraipiunara, ‘ki tō mātou titiro, e kore e taea te kukume ngā mātāpono o te Tiriti kia whakawhānuitia te tika ki te whakawhanake i te taonga ki runga tonu i te ahuhoko huarākau kiwi i ēnei rā.’⁹

Footnotes

1. Tohutoro in W. H. Oliver, Claims to the Waitangi Tribunal. Te Whanganui-a-Tara: Department of Justice, 1991, p. 81. Back
2. Waitangi Tribunal, Report of the Waitangi Tribunal on claims concerning the allocation of radio frequencies. Te Whanganui-a-Tara: Brooker and Friend, 1990, p. 237. Back
3. Waitangi Tribunal, The Ngai Tahu report 1991. Vol. 1. Te Whanganui-a-Tara: Brooker and Friend, 1991, p. 236. Back
4. The Ngai Tahu report 1991, Vol. 1, pp. 242–243. Back
5. Waitangi Tribunal, Report of the Waitangi Tribunal on the Orakei claim. Te Whanganui-a-Tara: Brooker and Friend, 1987, p. 135. Back
6. Waitangi Tribunal, Te Maunga Railways Land report. Te Whanganui-a-Tara: Brooker’s, 1994, pp. 67–68. Back
7. Waitangi Tribunal, Report of the Waitangi Tribunal on the Muriwhenua fishing claim. Te Whanganui-a-Tara: Department of Justice, 1988, p. 195. Back
8. Waitangi Tribunal, Radio Spectrum Management and Development final report. Te Whanganui-a-Tara: Brooker’s, 1999, pp. 38–39. Back
9. Waitangi Tribunal, Kiwifruit marketing report 1995. Te Whanganui-a-Tara: Brooker’s, 1995, p. 14. Back

Ngā mātāpono i hangaia e te Karauna

I te tau 1989 ko te kāwanatanga Reipa te kāwanatanga tuatahi ki te whakatakoto i ētahi mātāpono hei ārahi i ana mahi e pā ana ki te tiriti.

Ko ngā mātāpono ēnei:

• kei te kāwanatanga te mana kāwanatanga, mana hanga ture
• kei te iwi te mana ki te whakarite i a rātou anō me te whakarite i ā rātou rawa
• he ōrite ngā tāngata katoa o Aotearoa
• me kōrero tahi te kāwanatanga me ngā iwi mō ngā kaupapa nui e pā ana ki a rātou
• kei te kāwanatanga te kawenga ki te whakarato i ngā huarahi hei whakaea i ngā nawe, otirā me tūmanako e ia ka taea te whakaea.

Tae noa ki te tau 2011, kāore tētahi kāwanatanga atu i whakamārama i ētahi mātāpono tiriti hou, engari i hoki atu ētahi (pērā i a Nāhinara i te tau 1991) ki ngā mātāpono i puta i te tau 1989.

Te tohe i ngā mātāpono

I te whakaurunga tuatahi o ngā mātāpono tiriti ki te ture i te tau 1975, ka whakatau tētahi māngai Paremata ‘mā aua mātāpono e whakapātaritari, e wehewehe te motu’.² I te whakaurunga tuatahi o ngā mātāpono tiriti ki te ture i te tau 1975, ka whakatau tētahi māngai Paremata ‘mā aua mātāpono e whakapātaritari, e wehewehe te motu’.2 Waihoki, kei te tohea tonutia ngā mātāpono o te tiriti. Hei tā ētahi, kia kaua ngā mātāpono o te tiriti e whakahuatia ki ngā ture. I te tau 2006 ka hora a Aotearoa Tuatahi i te Pire Whakakore i ngā Mātāpono o te Tiriti o Waitangi’. Ko te matū o te pire ‘ko te whakakore i te hapa i pā ki ngā iwi katoa i te tau 1986, arā, i te whakaurunga o ngā mātāpono o te Tiriti o Waitangi ki roto ki te ture.’ Ka hinga taua pire, ā, ka noho tonu ngā kōrero mō ngā mātāpono tiriti ki roto ki te ture. Ko te Rōpū Whakamana i te Tiriti o Waitangi, ko ngā kōti rā hoki ka whakamārama haere tonu i ngā mātāpono o te Tiriti o Waitangi.

Heoi, hei tā ētahi he he niho kore kē ngā mātāpono, ka mutu he mea taunahua kē ki te tino rangatiranga ā te Māori. I te tau 2018, i marohi e Geoffrey Palmer rāua ko Andrew Butler i roto i tō rāua pukapuka Towards democratic renewal, he kaupapa ture hou e koke ki tua o te whai wāhi o ngā mātāpono ki te ture. Ka kitea i te marohi kaupapa ture hou tēnei tauākī (wāhanga 37): ‘ko ngā mōtika ka paingia e ngā uri Māori ... ka whakapūmau, ka whakaūngia rātou hei tangata taketake i raro i te Tiriti o Waitangi.'

Footnotes

1. Tohutoro Matthew Palmer, The Treaty of Waitangi in New Zealand’s law and constitution. Te Whanganui-a-Tara: Victoria University Press, 2008, p. 139. Back
2. New Zealand Parliamentary Debates (Hansard), 1975, No. 33, p. 4,345. Back