Kāore i roa i muri i tā rātou taenga ki Aotearoa i te rau tau 1200, ka haere tonu ētahi kia tae ki ngā moutere o Kermadec me Wharekauri. I te tau 1777 ka haere ētahi Māori tokorua me Kāpene Hēmi Kuki i runga i tōna kaipuke Resolution. Ko Te Weherua rāua ko Koa ō rāua ingoa; tekau mā whitu me te tekau mā rua ō rāua pakeke. I wehe mai rāua i Tōtaranui (Queen Charlotte Sounds), hei tūmau mā Omai o Tahiti, e whakahokia ana e Kuki ki tōna moutere o Huahine. I tō rāua wehenga, i te mōhio tonu te tokorua rā e kore rāua mō te hoki mai ki Aotearoa. Ko rāua ngā Māori tuatahi me kī, ki te whakawhiti ki tāwāhi mō hia ngā rau tau. Waihoki, kāore e roa, ka whai atu te tokomaha.
Kia tae ki te tau 1795, e haere ana ngā rangatira ki Poihākena mā runga kaipuke ki te tauhokohoko, ki te rapu hoki i ētahi atu tuwheratanga. Ko ētahi Māori ka mahi hei heramana i runga i ngā kaipuke o Ūropi me Amerika. Nā te maha o ngā kaipuke tōmua ka peka ki te Pēwhairangi, he tokomaha ngā heramana nō te iwi o Ngāpuhi. Ehara i te mea i whakaae te katoa o ngā Māori kia haere rātou ki tāwāhi. Ko ētahi i kahakina, i heria hei heramana, ka patua, ka whakarērea rānei ki Ahitereiria ki tētahi moutere rānei.
I te tau 1859, ka eke a Wiremu Toetoe rāua ko Hēmara Te Rerehau ki runga i te kaipuke Novara hei heramana, ka haere ki Whiena i Ateria (Austria). I reira, ka tūtaki rāua ki te Arikinui Franz Josef. Mīharo katoa rāua. Ka tuhi mai a Te Rerehau:
‘Ka rawe kē hoki a Ateria, ka pai kē hoki te noho a te tangata whenua. Ka nui ngā whare me te teitei me te ātaahua o ngā rūma, ngā moenga. Ka pai kē ngā kai me ngā inu o konei. Ko ā rātou whakapakoko he raiona, he pea, he aha atu; ka tuwhera ō rātou waha, ka rere mai he wai’. 1
I te tau 1806 ka tae a Moehanga o Ngāpuhi ki Ingarangi, te tangata Māori tuatahi kia haere ki tērā whenua. Ka tūtaki ia ki a Kīngi Hōri III. Ko Hongi Hika o Ngāpuhi i roto i tētahi rōpū ka tae ki reira i te tau 1820. Ka tono ia kia kite i a Kīngi Hōri IV, ka mahi ia i tētahi papakupu Māori i te whare wānanga o Kemureti; i tana hokinga ki Aotearoa, ka hokona mai he pū i Poihākena.
Ko te nuinga o ngā Māori ka haere ki Ingarangi ka kī he makariri rawa taua wāhi. Nā te mahana o Ahitereiria ka haere ētahi Māori ki reira noho ai. Kia tae ki te tau 1842 rongohia ai te reo Māori i ngā kaimahi o ngā wāpu o Poihākena. He kōrero anō i puta mai i ngā takiwā o Wikitōria i kitea te koura mō ngā Māori keri koura i reira.
I te tau 1902 ka mana te Commonwealth Franchise Act i Ahitereiria, e āhei ana i ngā Māori e noho ana ki reira ki te pōti mēnā kei runga ō rātou ingoa i te rārangi pōti – nō te tau 1962 kātahi anō ka whiwhi te iwi tāngata whenua o Ahitereiria ki tēnei tika. Nā te mea kei raro rātou i te maru o Ingarangi, i taea e te Māori te hūnuku ki Ahitereiria noho ai, heoi ruarua noa iho ka hūnuku. I te tau 1933, e 197 anake ngā Māori i Ahitereiria.
Ka piki tēnei rahi i te tekau tau atu i 1960 – atu i te 449 i te tau 1961, ki te 862 i te tau 1966. Tērā pea he tino rahi ake ngā Māori i Ahitereiria, heoi nā te mea kīia ai ngā hāwhe kāihe he Pākehā, kāore ērā i uru ki ngā tatauranga mō te Māori. I te tau 1966 e 4,000 pea ngā Māori e noho ana ki Ahitereiria.
Ko te nuinga o ngā Māori ka haere ki tāwāhi he tāngata haere, ehara mō te noho. I ngā tau tōmua o te tekau tau atu i 1950 kāore te nuinga o ngā tāngata o Ahitereiria i kite i te Māori. Ka mārama te tangata whakangahau rā a Tui Teka ki tēnei, i te mea i ngā rā o tana ohinga i reira a ia e mahi ana mō tētahi maninirau (circus). Ka hurihia e Tui tana ingoa ki Prince Tui Teka o Ngā Kahurangi Poronihiana; ka waiata ia, ka kanikani, ka whakataruna ia anō he ariki nui o ngā Māori ia. Ko ērā ana mahi i ngā pō; hei ngā ao, kei te taraiwa taraka, kei te hakohako hamuti arewhana. Ka whai te maha i a Tui ki ēnei mahi – a Dalvanius Prime, Robbie Rātana, Rim D. Paul, Ricky May me te rahi atu. Ka mahi rātou ki ngā karapu me ngā hōtera.
I te tau 1969 ka haere a Māui Prime me ōna tūākana, teina ki tāwāhi, ko tō rātou pēne ko Dalvanius and the Fascinations. Tekau tau rātou e mahi ana ki Ahitereiria me Āhia. E kī ana tētahi kōrero i ahu mai tō Māui ingoa Whakaari a Dalvanius i te ingoa o tētahi o ngā hoa o tōna matua a Jack ka mate i te Pakanga Tuarua o te Ao. I mate ia ki te tāone o Barletta kei Itāria, tapaina ai tētahi o ngā tuahine o Māui ki tē ingoa Barletta. He pērā te tokomaha o ngā hōia Māori ka hoki mai i te pakanga, ka whānau mai he tamaiti ki a rātou, tapaina ai mō tētahi āhuatanga o taua riri.
Nō muri ka kuhu a Dalvanius Prime ki ngā mahi kia whakahokia mai ngā mokamokai kei ngā whare taonga i tāwāhi ki Aotearoa.
Kia tae ki te tau 1986, kua piki te taupori Māori i Ahitereiria ki te 26,000, ko te nuinga he taitama tāne, wāhine i haere ki te rapu mahi i te paheketanga o te ōhanga o Aotearoa. Tini ngā mahi i whakakorea i te katinga o ngā whare patu mīti me ētahi atu wheketere i ngā tekau tau o 1970 me 1980.
He wāhanga noa te haerenga ki Ahitereiria o te ia neke ki ngā tāone mai i ngā tuawhenua i Aotearoa. Whai muri i Tāmaki, ka haere ētahi ki Poihākena, Poipiripiri me Piripane (Brisbane). Ka haere ētahi Māori ki Ahitereiria ki te kuti hipi, ki te mahi hei maina rānei i te tuawhenua. He tere ake te kuti hipi a ngā kaikuti hipi o Aotearoa ki ērā ngā kaikuti hipi o Ahitereiria, ko tētahi take, nā te whānui o ā rātou heru. Koinei te take ka hiahiatia rātou, ahakoa te mea i te tekau tau atu i 1980 ka pahū mai te riri i waenganui i ngā kaikuti o Aotearoa me ērā o Ahitereiria mō te whānui o ngā heru te take. Ahakoa tērā, ko te kōrero nui pea mō ngā kaikuti Māori, he pukumahi. I tua atu ngā mahi kuti hipi, kitea anōtia ai rātou i ngā mahi tereina hoiho reihi.
I ngā tau tōmua o te tekau tau atu i 1990 e kī ana ētahi kōrero e 80,000 te tokomaha o ngā tāngata kei Ahitereiria e noho ana, he toto Māori ō rātou. E ai ki tētahi kaumātua a Graham Anderson, ka tae ana ki te tau 2020, ka nui ake te iwi Māori kei Ahitereiria ki te taupori Māori i Aotearoa. Ahakoa kāore i te tautokona whānuitia tēnei kōrero, he tohu tēnei, te kōrero nei, ki te kaha piki o te taupori Māori ki Ahitereiria atu i te tekau tau o 1970.
E ai ki te tiro whānui o Ahitereiria i te tau 2001, e 73,000 ngā Māori kei reira e noho ana. Mō ngā tāngata Māori tokowaru ki Aotearoa, kotahi te Māori kei Ahitereiria. Nā reira ko rātou te taupori nui rawa mai i Te Moana-nui-a-Kiwa. Nā te tokoiti o ngā tāngata mai i ngā moutere, pōhēhē ai ētahi he tangata rātou nō Kirihi (Greece), nō Repanona (Lebanon), nō Itāria (Italy), nō te tonga o Amerikarānei. Nā tēnei mau ai te tini Māori ki ngā heitiki me ngā taonga a te Māori.
Ka hūnuku a Miri rāua ko tana tāne ki Poipiripiri kātahi ka neke rāua ki Perth. Me kī, nā te tākaro whakatau ai tā rāua noho ki reira:
‘I a māua ka hūnuku ki Poipiripiri kāore māua i mōhio ki tētahi tangata kotahi. E noho ana māua ki tō māua rūma noho. Kia kuhu rā anō māua ki tētahi karapu whutupaoro, ka whiwhia māua ki tētahi pouaka whakaata, tūru, tēpu, paraikete, taora. Haere mai rā anō rātou ki te tiki ai i a māua kia haere ki te karapu i te mea kāore ō māua waka. Mēnā kāore ō mahi, ō moni, ka taea mā roto i te inuinu me ētahi atu i te karapu. Kātahi ka neke māua ki Perth; ko te mahi tuatahi a taku tāne, mā roto i te karapu rīki i reira’. 1
Ko te nuinga o ngā Māori ka noho ki ngā tapa tāone o Poihākena pēnei i a Waverley, Rockdale, Randwick, Bondi me ngā wāhi kei reira ngā whare utu reti. Arā anō ngā hapori i Piripane (me kī, a Fortitude Valley), Poipiripiri, Perth me Darwin. Ka tipu te taupori Māori o Poipiripiri, ā, i te tau 2001 kua tae ki te 19,000.
Kua puta ētahi ingoa karangaranga mō ngā Māori o Ahitereiria – Maussie, Ngāti Kangaru, Ngāi Skippy. He tohu pea tēnei ki te mea, kāore ētahi Māori mō te hoki ki Aotearoa. Ko te reanga tuatahi i tae ki Ahitereiria, e mea ana kia noho mō tētahi wā poto noa, kāpā mō ake tonu atu. Heoi anō ngā Māori i whānau mai ki Ahitereiria, he kaha ake ā rātou here ki tērā whenua ki ō ā rātou mātua i whānau mai ki Aotearoa.
He rite te Māori ki ētahi atu, arā, ka haere ki Ahitereiria, ka hoki mai, ka haere atu, ka hoki mai. Tokomaha tonu rātou ka hoki mai ki Aotearoa mō ngā tangihanga me ngā hui nui i te wā kāinga. Te āhua nei ko te nuinga o ngā Māori i hoki mai i Ahitereiria he whānau. I piki te tokomaha o ngā tamariki Māori i whānau mai ki Ahitereiria atu i te 1,113 i te tau 1986 ki te 2,934 i te tau 1996. Ehara i te mea he nui ake ngā Māori e hoki mai ana, hāunga, e tohu ana kē ki te mea kua kaha te piki o te taupori Māori ki Ahitereiria.
I te tau 2003, ka noho ngā kaumātua ki te kōrero mō te whakahoki i ngā tūpāpaku ki Aotearoa kia tanumia ki te taha o ō rātou tīpuna.
Mō ngā tekau tau maha, kua hau te pūrākau e mea ana ko Bondi i te rāwhiti o Poihākena te wāhi noho o te tini tāngata mai i Aotearoa e noho ana i te kore mahi. I ahu mai tēnei kōrero i ngā tekau tau o 1970 me 1980, i te wā ka hūnuku te hia mano tāngata Māori mai, Pākehā mai ki Bondi, ka kitea kāore e rahi ngā wāhi noho o reira. Nō te tau 1984 ka whakatūria te Bondi Māori Self Housing Group. Ka neke rātou ki ētahi whare wātea nō te kaunihera, heoi ka panaia mai rātou, ka turakina aua whare. I haere atu te nuinga o ngā Māori ki te rapu mahi, engari kāore i whiwhi te katoa. Ka piki te hunga kore mahi o Ahitereiria atu i te 2% i te tau 1974 ki te 10% i te tau 1983.
I ngā tau tōmua o te rau tau 2000 ka tākaro te tīma o Ngāti Bondi i roto i te whakataetae pā whutupaoro o Poihākena. Hei te Rā o Waitangi ka whakatūria e te hapori Māori o Bondi tētahi whakataetae kapa haka, aha atu. Ahakoa tērā, kei te mau tonu ki ētahi te whakaaro, he tāone Māori a Bondi. Āe, he hapori Māori tonu kei Bondi, engari ko te nuinga o ngā Māori kei Poihākena kē e noho ana.
He maha ngā rōpū whakapono i whakatūria e ngā Māori i Ahitereiria. Ko tētahi o ngā rōpū nui ko te rōpū Mihinare, te Ropu Arohanui Māori (Māori Arohanui Fellowship). Atu i 1984 ki 1987, ko Ātirīkona Kīngi Īhaka te minita mō te hapori Māori o Poihākena. I tana taenga, ka tū te pōhiri mōna ki Blacktown, ka tae atu ngā Kuki Airani, te Iwi Moemoeā (Aboriginal), ngā Mōmona, ngā Rātana me ngā Ringatū.
Ko te whare karakia o Te Wairua Tapu tētahi o ngā pokapū o te hapori Māori o Poihākena. He maha ngā mārena, ngā iriiri me ngā tangihanga kua whakahaerehia ki konei, tae rawa ki te ako i te reo Māori. Kī katoa a roto i te whakairo, tukutuku, taonga.
I te tau 1986 e 22% o ngā Māori i Ahitereiria ka kōrero Māori i te kāinga. Ko te hunga taipakeke ngā mea matatau; ruarua noa iho ngā tamariki i kōrero i te reo – he rite tēnei ki te āhua i Aotearoa i taua wā. Ka ora mai te reo ki Aotearoa i te tekau tau atu i 1990, ka pērā anō hoki ki Ahitereiria. Whakahaerehia ai ngā whakaakoranga reo Māori ki reira. Kia tae ki ngā tau tōmua o te rau tau 2000, kua tīmata te pāho o tētahi reo irirangi Māori ki Poihākena.
Nō te tau 1997 whakatūria ai Te Rōpū Arohanui Māori (Te Arohanui Māori Culture Club) ki Perth. Ka ako a Wai Payne i te hunga ka hiahia ki ngā mahi raranga ahakoa ko wai. Nā te kore harakeke ki te uru o Ahitereiria, ka whakamātautauria e ia ētahi atu tipu me ngā papanga o tēnei ao hōu. He tohunga whakairo a Verdun Walker. I te tau 2003 ka ako ia i tētahi rōpū rangatahi kia auaha i tētahi waka i te uru mā tonga o Poihākena, ko te ingoa o te waka ko Ū-Turn.
Mai anō i te tau 1988 kua tū a Te Huinga Waka, he kapa haka mai i Poihākena, ki ngā whakataetae haka ā-motu ki Aotearoa. Pau katoa te wā i a rātou e whakangungu ana, e mahi moni ana i Poihākena mō te hoki ki ngā whakataetae. I te tau 2001, ka matika mai te kapa haka o Tupuranga ki te uru o Poihākena.
Kua tākaro ētahi Māori mō te tīma rīki o Ahitereiria. I tākaro a ‘Lord’ Ted Goodwin mō Ahitereiria i ngā tau 1972-73. He Māori tōna whāea. Ruarua pea ngā Māori kua tākaro Aussie Rules – ko Wayne Schwass tētahi i tākaro i te tekau tau atu i 1990.
He wā anō ka whakawhiti he rōpū Māori ki Ahitereiria ki te whakataetae ki reira. I te tau 2003 ka whakawhiti te tīma whutupaoro Māori o Manukau kei raro iho i te e 11 tau te pakeke ki Ahitereiria mō ētahi whakataetae. Ko tā rātou kēmu whakamutunga ki tētahi tīma Māori mai i Poihākena. He mea nui ki ngā Māori o Ahitereiria ngā whakataetae netipōro, pā whutupaoro. Ka mutu ngā kēmu, kāore e kore ko te hāngī te hākari.
Ahakoa te tokomaha o ngā Māori e tākaro rīki ana kei tāwāhi ka hoki mai ki te tākaro mō ngā Kiwi, kei te huri pea te wā. Kia tae ki ngā tau tōmuri o te tekau tau atu i 1990, kua tū kē ētahi kaitākaro whutupaoro pēnei i a Jeremy Paul ki te purei mō Ahitereiria. Kua puta te kōrero a Timana Tahu, kaitakaro mō te tīma rīki o Newcastle Knights, ko tōna hiahia kia tākaro mō Ahitereiria, kaua mō Aotearoa. He rite te tokomaha o ngā Māori kua whānau mai i Ahitereiria ki a Timana Tahu, arā, ka hinga kē ki te taha o Ahitereiria. Ko te kōrero hoki a Jai Taurima, te Māori i whānau mai i Queensland, he toa mō te kairērere (long jump), ‘Ahakoa ōku whakaaro mahana mō Aotearoa, tūturu nō Ahitereiria ahau.’ 1
I ngā tau tōmua o te rau tau 2000, ko te kōrero, e 130,000 ngā Māori e noho ana ki tāwāhi. Ahakoa te nuinga kei Ahitereiria e noho ana, arā anō te e 18,000 Māori e noho ana ki whenua kē (Ingarangi e 8,000, USA 1,000, Kānata 1,000).
I mua noa atu i te mōhio a te Pākehā mō te toa a te Māori i roto i ngā tākaro, i mīharo ngā Pākehā mō ngā moutere o Te Moana-nui-a-Kiwa. I ngā tau tōmua o te rau tau 1900 ka mīharo ngā Pākehā ki ngā whakaaturanga a ngā kapa haka Māori i tae ki Ingarangi.
Ehara i te mea i hoki katoa mai ngā tāngata toi Māori. I tana haerenga ki Ingarangi me tētahi kapa haka i te tau 1912, ka tūtaki anō a Mākereti (Maggie) Papakura o Whakarewarewa ki tētahi tangata whai whenua Pākehā o Oxfordshire. I taua tau tonu ka moe rāua. I whakaritea e ia he taiwhanga ki tōna whare nunui e kikī ana i ngā taonga a te Māori – korowai, kete, whakairo, pounamu me ētahi atu taonga. I te Pakanga Tuatahi o te Ao ka tuwhera e ia tōna kāinga ki ngā hōia Māori. I ērā tau, ko te pakanga anake te take mō te haere a te Māori ki tāwāhi. I whawhai ētahi ope Māori ki Karipori (Gallipoli), ā, nō muri mai ka kuhu ki ngā pakanga i Wīwī hei wāhanga o te Rōpū Paionia o Niu Tīreni (New Zealand Pioneer Battalion). Nā Maggie i kohikohi moni hei whakatū maumaharatanga mō ngā hōia Māori ka hinga – he pikitia Itāriana o te Karaiti me tētahi whakairo Māori. Ka tuhia e ia tana pukapuka The old-time Maori, ka kōrero mō ngā tikanga a Te Arawa i te tirohanga wahine. Nō muri i tōna matenga i te tau 1938 ka whakaputangia tana pukapuka.
I ngā tau tōmuri o te tekau tau atu i 1950 ka whakatūria e tētahi rōpū Māori iti te Karapu Māori o Rānana (London Māori Club) hei whakaora i ngā tikanga Māori mā roto i ngā haka me ngā waiata. I te tau 1971 ka huri te ingoa o te rōpū ki Ngāti Rānana. Kia taka ki ngā tau tōmuri o te tekau tau atu i 1990 kua tū ā rātou hui ā-wiki me ngā whakaakoranga reo Māori ki te tari kāwanatanga o Aotearoa (New Zealand House).
I ngā tau tōmuri o te tekau tau atu i 1990 ka kōrero a Taone O’Regan mō te noho ki Rānana me te kōhanga reo:
‘E 20 ki te 30 ngā whānau Māori; me kī e ono ki te waru ngā whānau pūmau. E mea ana ahau kia noho mō ngā tau e rua – kua tekau tau ahau ki konei ināianei. He mea uaua ki te hoki ki te kāinga. Mehemea nō Ingarangi tō hoa, kātahi ka uaua rawa atu. Mea rawa ake, he tametame [Cockney] āu tamariki. Kua rongo koe i te tametame e kōrero Māori ana? E tā! Epēnei nei, “kia ora babes”.’ 1
Ka tōmina mai ngā whare toi o Ingarangi me Ūropi ki ngā tāngata toi Māori kia haere atu ki te whakaatu i ā rātou mahi. Ko te Māori rongonui rawa atu kia haere, ko Kiri Te Kanawa. Ka hau te rongo mōna i tana tū hei tapairu i te whakaari pūoru Le nozze di Figaro i te whare whakaari pūoru o Covent Garden i Rānana i te tau 1971.
I te tīmatanga o te rau tau 2000 e noho ana ētahi ngaio Māori ki New York me Karapōnia, engari ko te hapori Māori nui rawa atu ki Te Hononga o Amerika, kei Utah. Nō te tekau tau atu i 1950 tīmata ai te hapori nei, i te whakatūranga a ētahi mihinare Mōmona Māori i te Karapu Kiaora (Kiaora Club). Nō ngā iwi maha rātou, whai anō ka tapaina rātou ko Ngāti Hiona.
I te tau 2003 i te whiriwhiri te New Zealand-American Society o Utah ki te whakatū marae ki te tāone nui o Lehi. Kei Provo i Utah tētahi rōpū Māori e kīia ai ko Te Kaha o ngā Tupuna. I ngā tau tōmua o te rau tau 2000, e 300 pea ngā whānau Māori e noho ana ki Utah – te tokomaha nā tō rātou hāhi Mōmona rātou i ārahi mai, ki te rapu mahi me ngā tuwheratanga i te taha matauranga.
Kua tae ētahi Māori ki Hollywood mahi ai – pēnei i a Temuera Morrison rātou ko Cliff Curtis, ko John Tamahori, nana i ārahi te pikitia Die another day.
Ko te nuinga o ngā Māori i wehe i Aotearoa hei hōia, ki te rapu mahi rānei. Kāore i te nui ngā Māori kei Te Moana-nui-a-Kiwa e noho ana, kei ngā wāhi rānei kei tua atu o Ahitereiria, Ingarangi me Te Hononga o Amerika.
Bergin, Paul. ‘Maori sport and cultural identity in Australia.’ Australian Journal of Anthropology 13, no. 3 (2002): 257–269.
Hogan, Helen. Bravo New Zealand: two Maori in Vienna 1859–60. Christchurch: Clerestory, 2003.
Joseph, Kelly. ‘Transient.’ In Huia short stories 5: contemporary Māori fiction. Wellington: Huia, 2003.
Jupp, James, ed. The Australian people: an encyclopedia of the nation, its people and their origins. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001.
Lowe, Jeremy. The Australian Maori population/Nga Maori ki Ahitereria: a demographic analysis based on 1986 Australian and New Zealand census data. Wellington: New Zealand Planning Council, 1990.