Kāwanatanga – Māori engagement with the state

Defining kāwanatanga

Ka ahu mai te kupu kāwanatanga i te kupu Ingarihi mō te kāwana (governor). Kāore ōna ritenga i te ao Māori. Ka mutu nā te noho ā-iwi mai o te Māori he rerekē ōna mana rangatira, ōna mana whakahaere me ōna tikanga noho i te huatau kāwanatanga i puea mai i te pūnaha karauna o Peretānia. Ko te rapunga tērā o ngā kanohi tuatahi o te kāwanatanga Peretānia i ētahi kupu hei whakamārama i ngā tū whakaaro i hiahia rātou ki te whakatinana.

1835, Te Whakaputanga

I te tau 1835 ka tāmokotia te Whakaputanga o te Rangatiratanga o Niu Tīreni e ngā rangatira o Te Tai Tokerau. Nā te Kainoho Peretānia nā James Busby te waikanaetanga i hoahoa. I roto i te whakaputanga kāore ngā rangatira e whakaae kia riro ki tētahi te mana kāwanatanga o tō rātou motu hāunga anō ngā tangata nā rātou i tohu, i whakamana hoki.¹ Te āhua nei ko te whakamāramatanga ki ngā rangatira mō te kupu ‘kāwanatanga’, ka mau tonu i a rātou te tino rangatiratanga kia tukuna rā anō e rātou ki ētahi.

Te Tiriti o Waitangi

I te tau 1840 ka hainatia te Tiriti o Waitangi. He nui noa atu ngā rangatira i haina i ērā i haina i te whakaputanga i te tau 1835. E ai ki te wāhanga tuatahi i te reo Māori, ‘ka tuku rawa atu ki te Kuini o Ingarangi ake tonu atu te Kawanatanga katoa o o ratou wenua’. I te taha Ingarihi o te tiriti ka mea, ‘he tuku rawa i te mana tūturu katoa o ō rātou whenua ki te Kūini o Ingarangi mō ake tonu atu.’² Ka whakamahia e ngā kaiwhakamāori te kupu ‘kāwanatanga hei whakamārama i te ‘complete sovereignty’.

Te whakamārama anō i te kupu kāwanatanga

I namata nei i werohia ai e te hunga matatau ki te tika o ngā whakamārama reo. Kua kī ake rātou kāore tonu ngā rangatira e haina mena i te mārama ki te hōhonutanga ake, arā, ki te tuku atu i te mana ki ō rātou whenua. I te whakamāoritanga hōu a Hugh Kāwharu o te Tiriti ka whiua atu te kupu ‘sovereignty’, ka whakamahia te ‘government’ mō te ‘kāwanatanga’. E ai ki a Kāwharu, ‘Kore rawa e mārama ngā kaihaina Māori ki te kāwanatanga hei kupu mō te “sovereignty”: arā, kāore kau he māramatanga mō rātou i roto i ngā āhuatanga kua kitea e rātou i te ao Māori, i ngā tauira rānei i roto i te ao Māori, tae noa mai ki taua wā.’³

Tino rangatiratanga

Kei te wāhanga tuarua o te Tiriti i whakaūngia ko te ‘kāwanatanga’ o te motu ka haere ki te Karauna, engari ka mau tonu te Māori ki te tino rangatiratanga ki ō rātou hapū, ki ō rātou whenua me ō rātou taonga katoa. Heoi kei te wāhanga reo Ingarihi i te kaupapa tuatahi ka whakamāramatia te tikanga o ‘te tino rangatiratanga’ arā, ‘full, exclusive and undisturbed possession’.⁴ Ki tā Kāwharu whakamārama ko te ‘unqualified exercise of their chieftainship’.⁵

Mai noa e tautohe ana te Māori me te kāwanatanga ki te tikanga ake o te ‘kāwanatanga’ me te ‘tino rangatiratanga’. Ko tā te kāwanatanga mahi he whakatau i ōna mana kāwanatanga mā te taunaki, te whakamahitahi, te ringakaha me ngā ture hanganga. Heoi nō nātatanei ko te whakamārama o ētahi Māori mō te tino rangatiratanga ko te ‘Māori self-government’.

Footnotes

1. I takoto ki Facsimiles of the Declaration of Independence and the Treaty of Waitangi. Te Whanganui-a-Tara: Government Printer, 1976, preface. Back
2. I takoto ki Facsimiles of the Declaration of Independence and the Treaty of Waitangi, preface. Back
3. I. H. Kawharu, ‘Treaty of Waitangi – Kawharu Translation.’ Waitangi Tribunal, http://www.waitangi-tribunal.govt.nz/treaty/kawharutranslation.asp (i tirohia i te 28 Haratua 2012). Back
4. I takoto ki Facsimiles of the Declaration of Independence and the Treaty of Waitangi, preface. Back
5. I. H. Kawharu, ētita, Waitangi: Maori and Pakeha perspectives of the Treaty of Waitangi. Tāmaki-makau-rau: Oxford University Press, 1989. Back

Implementing kāwanatanga

Te whakauru i ngā tikanga Māori

I ngā tau tata whai muri i te hainatanga o te Tiriti o Waitangi, he uaua rawa mō te kāwanatanga ki te whakahaere i ngā rohe Māori katoa. Kāretahi he ope taua o ngā kāwana tuatahi, kāore anō kia pakari ngā whakahaere. Nā reira ka whai wāhi nui ngā tikanga me te ritenga Māori.

Inā koa, i te tau 1844 ka whakamana a Kāwana Pitiroi i te ture Native Exemption Ordinance. I ngā whakawānga kēhi o tētahi Māori me tētahi Pākehā, he reawhā te muru taonga mai i te tangata Māori; tāpiri anō ki ērā atu whakawhiu. He ōrite tēnei ki te tikanga Māori o te murunga hara.

I raro i te ture New Zealand Constitution Act 1852 ka whakamanaia te waihanga o ngā rohe Māori; ā, kia toitū hoki ko ngā ture, ngā ritenga me ngā whakahaere Māori. Heoi anō, kāore noa iho i waihangatia ēnei rohe Māori.

Te whakawaimehatanga me te ture Pākehā

Ko tōna tikanga he rangitahi anake te whakamana o te kāwanatanga i te ture Māori kia puta ētahi reanga hou e whakaae ana ki te ture Pākehā. Ko tētahi wāhanga o tēnei tukanga he whakawai i te Māori ki ngā āhua, ngā ritenga me te reo Pākehā. Kātahi ka whakahautia ki roto ki ngā niupepa reo Māori a te kāwanatanga pērā i Te Karere Maori, Te Manuhiri Tuarangi me te Maori Intelligencer kia tukua ki te Pākehā ‘te whakarite i ngā mea katoa, nā te mea kei te Pākehā te mātauranga, te kaha, ngā rawa, me te metararahi, ā, ka whakapūmautia te Kawanatanga o tō whenua … whiua ki tahaki te taha Māori, whāia kētia ngā whakahaere a te Pākehā.¹ He nui te Māori i whai i te ia o ēnei tohutohu engari ka mau tonu te nuinga ki ngā āhuatanga o te ao Māori.

Ngā taua mau pū

He wā kua tahuri te kāwanatanga ki te pū hei kaupare i ngā whakatumatuma ki tōna mana. I ngā tau o 1844 me 1845 ka poroporoa e Hōne Heke Pōkai te pou kara o Peretānia i Kororāreka (ko Russell).

Nō te tutūtanga o te puehu ka whakaara a Kāwana Pitiroi i ana taua ki te tinei i te ahi o Heke me ana hoa pakanga. Nāwai ka whakaūngia e Kāwana Thomas Gore Browne te mana kāwanatanga i te tūnga o tōna ihu ki te mana whenua Māori ki Waitara i Taranaki. Nō konei ka pakaru anō mai te pakanga i te tau 1860.

Nā te kore hiahia o Kāwana Kerei (George Grey) ki tētahi mana whakahaere kē atu i Aotearoa ka pāhuatia e ia a Waikato me te Kīngitanga i te tau 1863. I te tau 1881 ka whakamahia anō ngā taua hei wāwāhi i te kāinga o Parihaka ki Taranaki. He mautohe mārire tā ērā iwi ki raro i te awe o Te Whiti-o-Rongomai rāua ko Tohu Kākahi.

I te whakakāhoretanga a ngā rangatira o Muriwhenua ki te utu tāke kurī i ngā tau mai i 1890, me te whakahē a Rua Kēnana me ana apataki kia māpere ki te Pakanga Tuatahi o te Ao, ka urutomo anō ngā taua o te kāwanatanga.

Footnotes

1. Te Karere Maori or the Maori Messenger 2, nama 3 (2 Haratua 1862), wh. 30. Translation by Paul Meredith. Back

Containing Māori opposition

Ngā whakahē hoko whenua

Ka whakatika te Paremata tuatahi o Aotearoa (tau 1852) ki te hoko i ngā whenua Māori mō te kongakonga noa iho. Taka mai ki te tau 1860 kua riro i te kaikōmihana whenua matua o Kerei te nuinga o Te Waipounamu; haunga anō ki Te Ika-a-Māui, he uaua ake te hao whenua nā te nui o te iwi Māori. Kātahi ka tipu ngā whakamau i waenganui i ngā iwi, ā, ka horapa i te motu. Nō konei ka hua ake te Kīngitanga.

Te whakahoa ki ngā rangatira

Kātahi ka tahuri te kāwanatanga ki te whakahoahoa ki ngā rangatira noho mārire ki te kāwanatanga. I te tau 1860 ka whakatūria e Kāwana Browne te hui i Kohimarama, ā, e 200 ngā rangatira ka mene atu. Ko tōna kaupapa he whakahē i te kaupapa o te Kīngitanga me te whakamana i ngā kaupapa hoko whenua a te kāwanatanga. I te hokinga o Kerei ki tōna tūranga i te tau 1861 ka whāia e ia tāna ake rautaki kia hanga i ētahi rūnanga ki ngā rohe, ā, ka whai mana rātou i te taha o ngā kaiwhakawā ā-rohe ki te hanga ture ki ngā hapori. Nō konei ka tāmōmōhia te tino rangatiratanga a te Māori mā te tuku i ētahi rangatiratanga ki raro tonu i te mana o te kāwanatanga.

Te Kōti Whenua Māori

Nō te kakenga o te taupori Pākehā ka kaha ake te whāinga a te kāwanatanga i te whenua Māori. Hei whakatere, hei whakamāmā anō hoki i ngā hoko, ka whakatakitahitia ngā taitara whenua Māori. Arā, i te tau 1865 ka hangaia te Kōti Whenua Māori. Ko tōna oati tēnei; ‘ka whakaaturia te whakatau whakaaio o te Koroni me te piki o te ora me te noho tika a te iwi Māori mehemea i whakaritea ō rātou pānga whenua, ā, ka ōrite te tikanga o te rangatiratanga o te whenua Māori ki tō te ture Pākehā.’¹ Mai i te pito o te rautau 1800 ko te Kōti Whenua Māori te taero nui o te Māori. Ki tā ētahi tumukōrero he pononga noa iho te kōti nō te kāwanatanga, ā, ka mahitahi ngā kaiwhakawā me ngā apataki Karauna ki te wewete i te mana whenua Māori. He maha ngā pitihana a ngā iwi ki te Paremata mō ngā mahi a te Kōti Whenua Māori.

Ngā māngai Māori

I te tau 1867 ka hangaia ngā tūru Māori e whā ki raro i te ture Māori Representation Act. Ko tōna tikanga he kaupapa rangitahi ngā tūru. Ko te matū o ngā tūru he whakawai i ngā iwi ki te kāwanatanga me te tinei i ngā tino rangatiratanga o ngā rangatira. Nā te whakanoho kia whā noa iho ngā tūru Māori, kāore i taea e te Māori te whai mana ake mā te pōti hoki. Ka mutu whai muri i te tau 1876 (te wā i whakakōhatuhia ngā tūru) ka tohu atu te kāwanatanga ki ngā tūru Māori mō ōna kaupapa mahitahi me te Māori. Heoi ka raungaitihia ngā māngai Māori i rō Paremata, ā, ka whakamahia rātou hei karetao i ngā kaupapa kāwanatanga ki ngā Māori.

Footnotes

1. I takoto ki ‘The Pouakani Report 1993.’ Waitangi Tribunal, http://www.waitangi-tribunal.govt.nz/reports/viewchapter.asp?reportID=ad61afe4-9943-41f1-8872-7435b1ab83b8&chapter=23 (i tirohia i te 28 Haratua 2012). Back

Sharing kāwanatanga

Kotahitanga me te Kīngitanga

Whai muri i ngā pakanga whenua o Aotearoa ka riro tonu te whenua, nā te raupatu me ētahi atu tukanga. Heoi ka mau tonu ngā hiahia mana motuhake, ā, i te nuinga o te wā i roto anō i te mārie. I te tekau tau 1890 ka ara ake te Paremata Māori o Te Kotahitanga hei whakakotahi i ngā iwi ki raro i te mana o te Tiriti o Waitangi.

I puta tonu te ihu o Te Kīngitanga whai muri i ngā pakanga whenua, ā, ka tūrangawaewae rātou ki Ngāruawāhia.

Ngā kaunihera Māori

Hei urupare i te tino rangatiratanga Māori ka hangaia ngā kaunihera whenua me ngā kaunihera Māori i te tau 1900. Ko te pūtake o ngā kaunihera whenua he whakawaimeha i ngā kaupapa whakahē hoko whenua a te Māori, mā te whakarite i ētahi whakaaetanga rīhi whenua. Ko te kaupapa o ngā kaunihera Māori he whakahaere i ngā take hauora, whakahiato ora hoki o ngā hapori. Engari ka auare ake ēnei kaunihera e rua.

Te whakauru i te Māori

Nō te hekenga nui o te Māori ki ngā taone ka whai hiranga ake ngā kaupapa whare, whakahiato ora hoki ki te Tari Māori. I te tari hoki te whakahaere o ngā wātene Māori nō raro mai i te ture Māori Social and Economic Advancement Act 1945. Nō konā kua tino kaha te pāhekoheko o te Māori me te Pākehā, ā, ka riro ki ngā wātene Māori ētahi mana iti hei whakatau i te noho mārire i waenganui i ngā iwi e rua. E ai ki ngā tūtohunga o te Pūrongo Hunn me whakakotahi mai te Māori ki roto i te ao Pākehā, ā, koinei te tūāpapa mō ngā kaupapa Māori a te kāwanatanga puta noa i te tekau tau 1960. Ka hangaia e te kāwanatanga te Kaunihera Māori, ā, ko te whakaotinga tēnei o te hiahia o te kāwanatanga kia whakawhitiwhiti kōrero ki te iwi Māori hei iwi kotahi, kaua ki ngā iwi maha.

Ngā mautohe me ngā tika tiriti

I te tekau tau 1970 ka whakaarahia ngā kaupapa o te tuakiri me ngā nawe Māori mō ngā hapanga ture o mua. I te tau 1975 ka waihangatia te Rōpū Whakamana i te Tiriti o Waitangi hei whakatewhatewha i ngā whatinga ture o te Tiriti o Waitangi.

He maha ngā whanaketanga mō te Māori i hua ake i ngā tirohanga o te Rōpū Whakamana. I te tau 1987 ka whakamanahia te reo Māori, ā, taro ake ka whakatūria ngā wānanga Māori, ngā reo irirangi Māori me Whakaata Māori hei manatoko i te reo Māori. I ngā tirohanga a te Ropū Whakamana anō ka hua ake ētahi whakataunga kokoraho ā-iwi, i tukua mai ai ētahi pūtea me ētahi rawa.

Te iwiruatanga

Mai i ngā tau whakamutunga o te tekau tau 1980 ka whakatairanga te kāwanatanga i te iwiruatanga, ā, ka whai kaha ake ngā ratonga tūmatanui ki ngā hiahia o te hapori Māori. Ko te tūnga tērā o ētahi whakahaerenga ā-iwi hei kaiwhakarato whakahiato ora ki ngā hapori me ngā whānau Māori. Kāti, ko te kaupapa Whānau Ora tētahi hōtaka i hangaia kia whai oranga ngā whānau Māori i te whakamahinga o ngā kaiwhakarato Māori.

Ki tā te kaitohu matua o te kāwanatanga ki ngā take Māori, arā, ki tā Te Puni Kōkiri, ko tōna aronga matua kia angitu te Māori, engari, kia Māori tonu.²

Ngā wero ki te kāwanatanga

He maha tonu ngā wero ki te kāwanatanga. I te tau 2004 ka whakamanahia te ture i riro ai te takutai moana ki te Karauna. Neke atu i te 30,000 ngā Māori me ngā kaitautoko Pākehā i rangatū ki te Whare Miere hei wero i taua ture. Nō te tau 2011 ka whakakorea taua ture i raro i te Ture Takutai Moana hou. Nā konei ka ara ake anō ētahi tautohe.

Footnotes

1. ‘By-Laws of the Mangonui District Maori Council’, Supplement to New Zealand Gazette 14 (18 Hui-tanguru 1902), wh. 403. Back
2. ‘Statement of intent 2010–2013.’ Te Puni Kōkiri, http://www.tpk.govt.nz/en/in-print/our-publications/corporate-documents/statement-of-intent-2010-2013/page/14/ (i tirohia i te 28 Haratua 2012). Back