He nui ngā tipu i mauria ki Aotearoa e ngā kaihōpara Pākehā tōmua. Nō te marama o Tīhema i te tau 1769, ka whakarerea iho e te kaihōpara Wīwī e Kāpene Jean Francois Marie de Surville he witi, he pī, he raihi ki Aotearoa. Whāia, nō te tau 1772 ka whakatō e Marc Joseph Marion du Fresne he witi, he kānga, he rīwai, aha atu ki te moutere o Moturua i Pēwhairangi.
Nō te tau 1773 ka whakatō a Kāpene Kuki rāua ko te kaiurungi a Tobias Furneaux i tētahi māra kī ana i te rīwai, te kāroti, te uhitea, te kāpeti, te rīki, te rikiroa, te pahiri, te uhikura, te panikakā, te kano pīni, te pīni takihi (kidney bean), te pī, te keha me te witi. Nō taua tau anō, i te takiwā o Te Kauae-o-Māui, ka hoatu e Kuki he purapura witi, pīni, pī, kāpeti, keha, riki, kāroti, uhitea, uwhi ki te rangatira a Tuanui.
I te hekenga tuatoru o Kuki ki Aotearoa i te tau 1777, ka hoki a ia ki te mātaki i ngā māra i whakatōkia e rātou ko āna kauhoe; heoi, kua kore katoa. Hāunga, i toe ētahi tipu kāpeti, riki, rikiroa, purslane, uhikura, rīwai ki ngā māra nā Furneaux i whakatō.
Tae rawa ki te tau 1810 i te whakatō ngā iwi o Te Ara-a-Kiwa i te rīwai hei hoko. Tērā pea i ahu mai ēnei rīwai i ngā māra i whakatōkia ki Tōtaranui, ka hōpara mā ngā pūnaha a Ngāi Tahu ki ngā moka o Te Wai Pounamu. I te tau 1820, ka kite a Bellingshausen, te kaihōpara nō Rūhia, i te Māori e whakatipu rīwai ana ki Tōtaranui. Tipu noa ai te kāpeti i te takiwā.
Tatū ki te tau 1801, kua tipu te rīwai ki Parawai; tae ki te tau 1805 e hokona ana he rīwai ki Pēwhairangi. I ahu mai pea ēnei rīwai i te māra o Marion du Fresne i Pēwhairangi, i ngā purapura rānei he mea tuku mai e Rūtene Kāwana Phillip King o te moutere o Norfolk i te tau 1793.
Tatū ki te tau 1807, kua hōrapa te kāpeti ki ngā moka o Te Tai Tokerau. Ko te whakapae i ahu mai ngā kāpeti tōmua o Te Tai Rāwhiti i ērā nā Kāpene Kuki i hoatu ki a Tuanui i tērā rau tau.
I te tau 1769 ka hoatu e de Surville ētahi poaka e rua ki ngā Māori o Taipā i Te Tai Tokerau. I ngā hekenga tuarua, tuatoru a Kuki, he nui ngā poaka i tukuna ki Tōtaranui, ā, e whā i whakaratoa ki a Tuanui, rangatira o Te Matau-a-Māui. Ko te whakapae i ahu mai ngā poaka puihi o Te Wai Pounamu i a Kuki. Kīia ai ēnei poaka he kāpene kuki.
Nō te tau 1773 me te tau 1777 ka tukuna noatia e Kuki he nanekoti. I te tau 1773 anō, ka hoatu e ia ngā heihei e toru me ngā tame e rua ki ngā Māori o Tōtaranui. Nāna anō i whakarere ngā heihei e rua me ngā tame e toru ki Tōtaranui. I te paunga o taua tau o 1773, ka kite a Furneaux mā i ētahi heihei e paopao hua ana i te ngahere.
I te tau 1793 ka tuku a Kāwana King o te moutere o Norfolk i ngā poaka e 12 ki a Tukitahua, tetahi o ngā rangatira tokorua i kahakina ki Norfolk. Kia tae ki te tau 1795 kotahi anake te poaka e ora ana. Kātahi ka whakahoahoa a King ki a Te Pahi, ka tukua ngā poaka e 56 mā runga i ngā kaipuke e toru i ngā tau 1804 me 1805. Ko te whakapae, koia nei pea ngā poaka tōmua o Te Ika-a-Máui. Nō te tau 1805 ka tīmata te Māori ki te hoko poaka ki te Pākehā.
Nā Te Mātenga (Samuel Marsden) ngā hōiho me ngā kau tuatahi i mau ki Pēwhairangi i te tau 1814. Nō te tau 1819 ka kawea mai e tētahi kaihopu tohorā Amerikana he momo kūmara nui atu i ā te Māori. Tere kē te Māori ki te nanao atu, tapaina ai taua momo kūmara, ko merikana. Nō te tau 1793 ka tukuna e Kāwana King he kānga; tae rawa ki te tau 1816 makuru ana te tipu.
Nō te tau 1827 kua tīmata te tauhokohoko i te merengi me te pītiti ki ngā Pākehā kei Pēwhairangi.
Mai anō, ko te poaka me te rīwai ngā kai nui nā te Pākehā i mau ki Aotearoa.
Nā te rite o te āhua me te whakatipu ki te kūmara, tere te Māori ki te tango i te rīwai hei kai māna. I tana whakatakanga i ngā rīwai tōmua rawa ki ētahi Māori i Tōtaranui, whakahuatia ai e Kāpene Kuki te kupu ‘coumalla’ mō te rīwai.
Ko te mea nui i te rīwai, ka taea te whakatipu ki ngā whenua mātao kīhai te kūmara e tipu, ngā whenua pērā i Te Ara-a-Kiwa, i Te Urewera. He pai te tipu o te rīwai, huhua ana. Ko tētahi mea hoki, he tapu te māra kūmara. Waihoki, ka ūhia te tapu ki runga i te rīwai. Nāwai, ka noa te mahi whakatipu rīwai, taea noatia ai e te wahine, e te pononga te whakatipu rīwai. Nō konei ka tipu, ka mātotoru ngā hapori.
I mua i te heringa mai o te poaka, ko te kurī me te kiore anake ngā whakangote hei kai mā te Māori. Whāia, he mārama te kite atu i te pai rawa atu o te poaka – ‘tere te hōrapa, tere te tipu, ka kai i ngā mea katoa’.1
Atu i 1814 ki 1827 ka piki te utu mō te pū kotahi mai i te 150 kete rīwai me ngā poaka e waru, ki te 200 kete rīwai e 15 poaka rānei. Nāwai ā, ka tau te utu ki te 120 kete rīwai, e 10 poaka rānei. I te tekau tau atu i 1840, e 40 ngā poaka mō te hōiho kotahi. Tērā tētahi iwi i Te Moana-a-Toi, i hoko i tētahi kaipuke mō te e 500 poaka.
He mea nui ki te Māori te tukutuku taonga i waenganui i ngā iwi, ngā hapū. Nā konei pea hōrapa ai te poaka me te rīwai.
Atu i 1803, kua tīmata te tauhokohoko a te Māori i te rīwai, te poaka, te kānga, aha atu. Heoi, whai muri i te whakaekenga o te kaipuke Boyd ki Whangaroa i te tau 1809 me te patunga o ngā tāngata katoa o runga, kīhai te Pākehā i hiahia kia tauhokohoko me te Māori. Kia tū rā anō te mīhana tuatahi i te tau 1814 ki Pēwhairangi i raro i a Te Mātenga, i raro hoki i te mana o te rangatira o Ngāpuhi rā a Ruatara, kātahi anō ka āhua pai haere. Tino hiahia a Ruatara ki te whakatipu witi hei whāngai i tōna iwi, hei hoko hoki ki tāwāhi. Atu i te tau 1814, ka tipu nui ngā māra i Pēwhairangi, hei whāngai ki ngā kaipuke ka tau. Ka huri te aronga o ngā iwi ki ngā tipu kai hou pērā i te rīwai.
Atu i te tau 1818, ka tipu te hiahia mō ngā taonga rino a te Pākehā, pērā i te pū. Nō tana hokinga mai i Ingarangi, ka mauria mai e Hongi Hika o Ngāpuhi te tini pū. I konei ka tīmata tana rīriri ki ētahi atu iwi.
He pai te rīwai hei kai mā te taua e haere ana i te ara o Tūmatauenga, hāunga te mea iti noa ka taea te kawe i ngā haerenga roa. I tua atu, ka taea te tauhokohoko te rīwai mō te pū. Nā te pū ka huri katoa te āhua whawhai o te Māori. Nā te pū ka tini ngā herehere a ngā rangatira pērā i a Hongi Hika, i a Te Rauparaha hei aha, hei whakatipu i te harakeke, hei hārō i te muka.
I te rau tau atu i 1800, ka noho te poaka me te rīwai ki waenganui pū i ngā hākari nui a te Māori. Mō ngā kai i tētahi hui i te tau 1881, ‘pukepuke ana ngā kete rīwai e 2,756, ngā mangō e 500, ka hia rau poaka; hauwhā maero te roa o te tahua’.2
Nāwai ā, ka whai wāhi nui ētahi momo rīwai ki te ao Māori, kīia ai ēnei, he rīwai Māori. Tae rawa ki te rau tau atu i 1900, he wāhi nui tonu ki te poaka me te rīwai hei whāngai tangata. Hei tauira, he tino kai ki te Māori te wheua poaka me te pūhā.
I te tīmatanga, kīhai te Māori i rata ki te whakatipu witi, he rerekē hoki nā te hātepe whakapaipai, he rerekē hoki te āhua o te witi ki ērā ngā tipu a te Māori. Ka rongo te rangatira rā a Ruatara mō te kaha hiahia i te witi ki Poihākena, whāia, nō te tau 1813 ka whakatōkia e ia te māra witi tuatahi ki Aotearoa. Kāore tonu ētahi atu rangatira i aro atu ki a ia, kia oti rā anō te witi te hurihuri. Whāia, kāhore i pau te rua tau ka whakaatu a Hongi Hika i tōna māra witi ki a Te Mātenga.
He pai te witi hei kai nā te mea ka taea te tiaki mō tētahi wā roa, ka taea hoki te tauhokohoko ki tāwāhi.
I te tekau tau atu i 1840 ka kake te taupori o ngā tāngata whai. Ka whakawhānui te Māori i āna mahi tipu witi hei hoko ki Ahitereiria. Nāwai ā, ka kitea te koretake o ngā mira ā-ringa. Nō ngā tau pokapū o te tekau tau atu i 1840 ka huihui ngā iwi o Waikato, o Te Whanganui-a-Tara, o Taranaki, o Whanganui ki te hoko mira pana wai. He uaua te kawekawe taputapu i te tuawhenua me te tai hauāuru i mua i te takotoranga o ngā huarahi me ngā rerewē. Mā te hurihuri ka māmā iho te witi hei kawe ki ngā wāhi hokohoko pērā i a Tāmaki-makau-rau.
I kaha te hāpai a ngā mihinare me ngā Pākehā i te whakatipu a te Māori i te witi, hāunga te mea kāore i pai ētahi whenua mō te whakatipu witi. I pēnei te whakaaro o tauiwi nā runga i te tokonga whakaaro Pākehā e mea ana me whakamahi te whenua. I tua atu, kei te Paipera Tapu ngā kōrero e hāpai ana i te parau, te witi me te tiringa o te oneone hei ara ki tētahi ao pai atu. Ka whakapono hoki te Pākehā, mā te pāmu a te Māori i te whenua, mai kore ka whakatū kāinga tūturu ia, kia noho wātea ai te nuinga o ngā whenua ki te hunga whai mai i tāwāhi.
He nui ngā tautokonga ki ngā iwi ka whakatipu witi, ka hanga mira pana wai rānei. Ka tuku pūtea taurewa a Kāwana Hōri Kerei ki ngā hapū maha i Te Ika-a-Maui hei hanga mira; ko tētahi here o ēnei pūtea taurewa, kia noho wātea ai ngā whenua Māori ki te Pākehā.
He mārama te kite atu a te Māori, he tohu te whakatipu witi ki te rangimārie. Nā whai anō he maha ngā iwi i hiahia ki te whakatūturu i te kotahitanga o 1840 ki te Karauna o Ingarangi mā te whakatipu witi. Heoi, i te tau 1856 ka paheke ngā utu mō ngā hua ahuwhenua, ka noho te maha o ngā hapori he nama moni anake te hua, kua kore hoki he wāriu o ō rātou mira.
Belich, James. Making peoples: a history of the New Zealanders: from Polynesian settlement to the end of the nineteenth century. Auckland: Penguin, 2001.
Best, Elsdon. Māori agriculture: the cultivated food plants of the natives of New Zealand : with some account of native methods of agriculture, its ritual and origin myths. Wellington: Te Papa Press, 2005.
Leach, Helen. 1,000 years of gardening in New Zealand. Wellington: Reed, 1984.
Petrie, Hazel. Chiefs of industry: Māori tribal enterprise in early colonial New Zealand. Auckland: Auckland University Press, 2006.