Story summary
Tools
Stone adzes and chisels were used for cutting and carving wood. The stone adze heads, made from basalt or other rock types, were lashed to a wooden handle.
Adzes were made by breaking up boulders, shaping the pieces with hammer stones, and sharpening the cutting edge on a grinding stone. Sandstone was widely used as a sharpening stone.
Flake tools were used for general cutting and scraping. They were usually made from obsidian (volcanic glass) and chert. Chert (or flint) was also used to drill holes, in making items such as fish hooks.
Ornaments and weapons
Early Māori made reels and pendants from serpentine (a soft rock). Reels were threaded to make necklaces, and decorated discs and pendants shaped like whale’s teeth were also worn. Later, Māori made hei tiki (neck pendants) and ear pendants from pounamu.
Short hand-clubs made from greywacke, volcanic rock and pounamu were used as weapons.
Fishing
Stone lures with bone or shell points were used to troll for fish. Māori formed a groove around pebbles and wound a line around them to make sinkers, and pumice was attached to fishing nets as floats. Large stones were sometimes used as canoe anchors.
Gardening
In some places stones were used to mark the boundary of gardens. Sand and gravel were also mixed with soil to make it loose, keep in moisture, and to keep the soil warm for growing subtropical plants such as kūmara.
Other uses
Using stones, flax was pounded into fibre and made into clothing, mats, ropes, baskets and nets.
Round stones were heated for cooking in earth ovens, and to boil water. These were chosen carefully because some rocks explode when hot.